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Human Rights Record of the United States in 2015 & Chronology of Human Rights Violations of the United States in 2015
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2015年美国的人权纪录及2015年美国侵犯人权事记
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Human Rights Record of the United States in 2015 & Chronology of Human Rights Violations of the United States in 2015 | | 2015年美国的人权纪录及2015年美国侵犯人权事记 |
| (State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China, April 14, 2016) | | （国务院新闻办公室 2016年4月14日）
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| Human Rights Record of the United States in 2015 | | 2015年美国的人权纪录 |
| State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China | | 中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室 |
| April 2016 | | 2016年4月 |
| Contents | | 目 录 |
| Foreword | | 导言 |
| I. Wanton Infringement on Civil Rights | | 一、公民权利遭到肆意侵犯 |
| II. Political Rights Not Safeguarded | | 二、政治权利无法得到应有保障 |
| III. Economic and Social Rights under Challenge | | 三、经济和社会权利难以有效实现 |
| IV. Racial DiscriminationWorsen Than Ever | | 四、种族歧视变本加厉 |
| V. Missing Rights for Women and Children | | 五、妇女和儿童权利堪忧 |
| VI. Gross Violations of Human Rights in Other Countries | | 六、粗暴侵犯他国人权 |
| Foreword | | 导言 |
| On April 13 local time, the State Department of the United States released its country reports on human rights practices. It made comments on the human rights situation in many countries once again while being tight-lipped about its own terrible human rights record and showing not a bit of intention to reflect on it. In 2015, the United States saw no improvement in its existent human rights issues, but reported numerous new problems. Since the U.S. government refuses to hold up a mirror to look at itself, it has to be done with other people's help. | | 美国国务院于当地时间4月13日发布《2015年国别人权报告》，再一次对世界各国人权状况妄加置评，而对自身存在的严重人权问题却三缄其口，毫无反思之意。2015年的美国人权，不仅旧的问题未得到解决，而且新的问题不断滋生。既然美国政府不肯拿起镜子照照自己，那么也只好由别人来帮助完成了。 |
| The following facts about the U.S. human rights situation in 2015 are supported by irrefutable records. | | 关于2015年美国的人权纪录，以下事实是凿凿在册的。 |
| -- The use of guns was out of control in the United States, which severely threatened citizens' right of life. The frequent occurrence of shooting incidents was the deepest impression left to the world concerning the United States in 2015. There were a total of 51,675 gun violence incidents in the United States in 2015 as of December 28, leaving 13,136 killed and 26,493 injured. | | --美国枪支管理失控，公民生命权受到严重威胁。枪击案件频发，是2015年美国留给世人最深刻的印象。截至2015年12月28日，当年共发生枪击事件51675起，造成13136人死亡、26493人受伤。 |
| -- Citizens' personal security could not be guaranteed with the excessive use of violence by police. Police shot dead 965 people last year as of December 24, and the abuse of power by the police did not result in discipline. "Justice for Freddie" protests were staged in Baltimore, demonstrators in Chicago took to the street to demand justice in the death of Laquan MacDonald, and protesters in Minneapolis camped outside a police precinct after Jamar Clark was shot dead by police. | | --美国警察暴力执法，公民人身安全无法保障。截至2015年12月24日，警察当年共射杀965人，警方滥用权力的行为并未得到应有的追究。巴尔的摩暴发了“为弗雷迪伸张正义”的抗议活动，芝加哥市民为麦克唐纳之死举行了大规模游行，明尼阿波利斯市的民众因贾马尔·克拉克被警察枪杀而包围警察局。 |
| -- The prison system in the United States was plagued by corruption and severely violated inmates' human rights. The guards in a prison in Florida scalded a mentally-ill inmate Darren Rainey to death in hot shower. The guards in Lowell Correctional Institution, the nation's largest women's prison, pressured hundreds of female inmates to barter sex for basic necessities and a shield from abuse, and 57 inmates have died in this prison over the past 10 years. | | --美国监狱系统腐败丛生，严重侵犯囚犯人权。佛罗里达州一所监狱的狱警将患有精神疾患的囚犯达伦·莱尼在淋浴间活活烫死。美国最大的女子监狱罗维尔监狱的狱警逼迫数百名女囚卖淫以换取基本的生活物资和保护，在过去十年间已有57名囚犯死在了该监狱。 |
| -- Money politics and clan politics were prevailing and the political rights of the citizens were not safeguarded effectively. Companies and individuals were able to donate an unlimited size to super Political Action Committees (super PACs) to influence the presidential election. In this way, corporations could use money to sway politics and reap tremendous returns. There were comments that the political system of the United States had been subverted to be a tool that provided returns to major political donors. Family pedigree had become a primary factor for U.S. politics, with a few families and behind-the-scenes interest groups influencing the election using funds. The popular will was abducted by factionalism in the United States, because the interests involved in election made it unable for the Democratic Party and the Republican Party to coordinate on and work out policies that were in line with the popular will. | | --美国金钱政治和家族政治大行其道，公民政治权利难以得到有效保障。企业和个人可以向超级政治行动委员会无限额捐款以影响美国大选，企业通过金钱影响政治并获取巨额回报。有评论认为，美国的政治体系已被颠覆为向主要政治捐助者提供回报的工具。家族出身成为美国政治中的主导因素，少数家族和幕后利益集团用资金影响选举。美国党派之争绑架民意，因为选举利益导致民主党与共和党无法协调制定真正符合民意的政策。 |
| -- The lingering problems in U.S. society posed challenges for the country to fulfill its duty of safeguarding the economic and social rights of U.S. citizens. In 2014, there were 46.7 million people in poverty in the United States. Every year, at least 48.1 million people were classed as "food insecure." In 2015, more than 560,000 people nationwide were homeless. Seventy-nine percent of Americans believed it was more common for people to fall out of the middle class than rise up to it. There were still 33 million people in the United States with no healthcare insurance, and 44 million private-sector workers, about 40 percent of the total, did not have access to paid sick leaves. | | --美国社会问题严重，保障公民经济和社会权利困难重重。2014年有4670万人处于贫困状态。每年至少有4810万人缺乏食物保障。2015年有超过56万人无家可归。79%的美国人相信更多人会掉出而不是上升到中产阶级行列。如今，美国仍有3300万人没有医疗保险，4400万受雇于私人部门的劳动者无法享受带薪病假的权利，占私人部门劳动者总数的40%。 |
| -- Racial conflict was severe in the United States, with race relations at their worst in nearly two decades. Sixty-one percent of Americans characterized race relations in the United States as "bad." Law enforcement and justice fields were heavily affected by racial discrimination, with 88 percent of African-Americans believing they were treated unfairly by police, and 68 percent of African-Americans believing the American criminal justice system was racially biased. Whites had 12 times the wealth of blacks and nearly 10 times more than Hispanics. It was said that the American Dream remained out of reach for many African-American and Hispanic families. | | --美国种族矛盾尖锐，种族关系处于近20年来最差时期。61%的美国人认为美国的种族关系糟糕。执法司法领域是种族歧视的重灾区。88%的非洲裔美国人相信自己受到警察不公正对待，68%的非洲裔美国人认为刑事司法体系存在种族歧视。非洲裔美国人拥有的财富仅为白人的十二分之一，拉美裔为十一分之一。有评论认为，对于许多非洲裔和拉美裔美国家庭而言，美国梦仍然遥不可及。 |
| -- The situation for American women was deteriorating and children were living in worrisome environment. In 2014, women in the United States were paid 79 cents for every dollar paid to men. The percentage of women in poverty increased from 12.1 percent to 14.5 percent over the past decade. The United Nations' International Labor Organization said that the United States was the only industrialized nation with no overall law for cash benefits provided to women during maternity leave. A total of 23 percent of undergraduate women said they were victims of non-consensual sexual contact. There were at least two school shootings a month in 2015 and almost two children were killed every week in unintentional shootings. About a quarter of the teenagers above 15 years old who died of injuries in the United States were killed in gun-related incidents. About 17.4 million children under the age of 18 were being raised without a father and 45 percent lived below the poverty line. About one fifth of all U.S. children lived in food-insecure households. | | --美国妇女状况不断恶化，儿童成长环境堪忧。全职女性与全职男性2014年的年薪收入比为79∶100。过去十年内贫困妇女比例从12.1%上升至14.5%。国际劳工组织指出，美国是唯一没有立法明确规定妇女带薪产假的工业化国家。23%的大学本科女生遭受性骚扰或性侵犯。2015年每个月至少发生两起校园枪击案，几乎每周都有两个孩子遭受意外枪击死亡，在美国15岁以上因伤死亡的青少年中有四分之一死于枪击事件。约1740万由单亲妈妈抚养的儿童中45%生活在贫困线以下。约五分之一的儿童生活在食品保障不足的家庭。 |
| -- The United States still brazenly and brutally violated human rights in other countries, treating citizens from other countries like dirt. Air strikes launched by the United States in Iraq and Syria killed thousands of civilians. The United States also conducted drone attacks in Pakistan and Yemen indiscriminately, causing hundreds of civilian deaths. On October 3, 2015, the U.S. military bombed a hospital operated by "Doctors Without Borders" in the city of Kunduz in Afghanistan, in which 42 people were killed. Defying international condemnation, the United States still did not close the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, which had been running for 14 years and still locked up nearly 100 people who had been under arbitrary detention for years without trial. | | --美国仍在公然粗暴侵犯他国人权，视他国生命如草芥。美国在伊拉克和叙利亚的空袭行动炸死数千平民。美国在巴基斯坦和也门肆意开展无人机袭击，造成数百平民死亡。美军2015年10月3日对阿富汗昆都士“无国界医生”组织医院野蛮空袭，42人惨遭杀害。美国政府无视国际社会的强烈谴责，仍未关闭建立14年之久的关塔那摩监狱，至今仍有近100人在被任意拘留多年且未经审判的情况下继续被羁押。 |
| I. Wanton Infringement on Civil Rights | | 一、公民权利遭到肆意侵犯 |
| Civil rights were wantonly infringed upon in the United States in 2015 with rampant gun-related crimes, excessive use of force by police, severe corruption in prisons and frequent occurrence of illegal eavesdropping on personal information. | | 2015年，美国枪支犯罪猖獗，警察滥用暴力，监狱腐败严重，秘密监控个人信息频现，公民权利遭到肆意侵犯。 |
| Citizen's life and property security were threatened by violent crimes. According to the report "Crime in the United States" released by the FBI in 2015, an estimated 1,165,383 violent crimes occurred nationwide in 2014, of which 14,249 were murders, 84,041 were rapes, 325,802 robberies and 741,291 aggravated assaults. Nationwide, there were an estimated 8,277,829 property crimes, with the victims of such crimes suffering losses calculated at an estimated 14.3 billion U.S. dollars. The statistics showed the estimated rate of violent crime was 365.5 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants, and the property crime rate was 2,596.1 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants (www.fbi.gov). Many cities in the United States saw large jumps in crime during the first half of 2015: the murder rate rose 48 percent and 59 percent compared to the same period of the previous year in Baltimore and St. Louis, respectively, said an article carried by the Economist website on December 1, 2015 (www.economist.com, December 1, 2015). James Howell of the U.S. National Gang Center pointed out that in the past five years the United States had seen an 8 percent increase in the number of gangs, an 11 percent increase in members and a 23 percent increase in gang-related homicides (www.usnews.com, March 6, 2015). | | 暴力犯罪威胁公民生命和财产安全。据美国联邦调查局2015年发布的《美国犯罪报告》，2014年美国共发生暴力犯罪1165383起，平均每十万居民中发生365.5起，其中谋杀案件14249起，强奸案件84041起，抢劫案件325802起，严重暴力伤害案件741291起；共发生财产犯罪案件8277829起，平均每十万居民中发生2596.1起，被害人因财产犯罪遭受的损失超过143亿美元。（注1）英国《经济学人》网站2015年12月1日刊文分析，美国一些城市的犯罪率大幅攀升，巴尔的摩和圣路易斯2015年上半年的谋杀率分别比去年同期增长了48%和59%。（注2）美国国家帮派研究中心的詹姆斯·豪威尔指出，美国过去5年帮派数量增长8%，帮派成员数量增长11%，与帮派相关的谋杀案增加23%。（注3） |
| Citizen's right of life could not be guaranteed with the rampant use of guns. Statistics showed that there were more than 300 million guns in the United States which had a population of more than 300 million. Over the past decade, more than 4 million U.S. citizens became victims of assaults, robberies and other gun-related crimes. According to a toll report by the Gun Violence Archive, there were a total of 51,675 gun violence incidents in the United States last year as of December 28, including 329 mass shootings. Altogether 13,136 were killed and 26,493 injured (www.gunviolencearchive.org, December 28, 2015). According to the report "Crime in the United States" released by the FBI in 2015, firearms were used in 67.9 percent of the nation's murders, 40.3 percent of robberies, and 22.5 percent of aggravated assaults in 2014 (www.fbi.gov). | | 枪支泛滥造成公民生命权无法得到保障。统计显示，美国有3亿多人口，私人枪支保有量逾3亿支。过去10年里，超过400万美国人成为袭击、抢劫和其他涉枪犯罪的受害者。据美国枪支暴力档案室发布的《2015年枪支暴力伤亡统计》，截至2015年12月28日，美国当年共发生枪击事件51675起，其中大规模枪击事件329起；共造成13136人死亡、26493人受伤。（注4）美国联邦调查局2015年发布的《美国犯罪报告》显示，2014年美国发生的谋杀案件中有67.9%使用枪支，抢劫案件中有40.3%使用枪支，严重暴力袭击案中有22.5%使用枪支。（注5） |
| Excessive use of violence by police gravely violated human rights. Excessive use of violence by police during law enforcement had resulted in a large number of civilian casualties. Police shot dead 965 people last year as of December 24, according to data posted on The Washington Post website (www.washingtonpost.com, December 24, 2015). Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old African-American man, died while in police custody in Baltimore. His death, reportedly a result of violence by the police, sparked "Justice for Freddie" protests (www.usatoday.com, December 22, 2015). Outraged that it took too long to charge a Chicago police officer in African-American Laquan MacDonald's shooting death, demonstrators took to the street to demand justice in his death. The police officer had a history of 20 complaints before he gunned down the 17-year-old, but none resulted in discipline (edition.cnn.com, November 26, 2015). According to a report by the NBC News on November 19, 2015, protestors camped outside a police precinct in Minneapolis after African-American Jamar Clark, 24, was shot dead when he was already under police control. The demonstrations turned violent later (www.nbc.com, November 19, 2015). | | 警察暴力执法严重侵犯人权。美国警方在执法过程中过度使用暴力，造成大量普通公民伤亡。据《华盛顿邮报》网站统计，截至2015年12月24日，警察当年共射杀965人。（注6）巴尔的摩25岁非洲裔男子弗雷迪·格雷因警察暴力致死，引发了“为弗雷迪伸张正义”的抗议活动。（注7）射杀17岁非洲裔男孩麦克唐纳的芝加哥警察，迟迟未被起诉，公众为此举行抗议游行。该警察之前曾遭20项投诉，未受到任何追究。（注8）美国全国广播公司2015年11月19日报道，明尼阿波利斯市24岁的非洲裔男子贾马尔·克拉克在已被警方控制的情况下被击毙，民众包围警察局抗议示威，引发暴力冲突。（注9） |
| The government infringed on citizens' privacy by illegally eavesdropping personal information. According to a report carried by the website of The Washington Post on December 1, 2015, the FBI used special authority to compel Internet firms to hand over user information, including full browsing histories, without court approvals (www.washingtonpost.com, December 1, 2015). According to a report released by the Pew Research Center on May 29, 2015, a majority of Americans opposed the government collecting bulk data on its citizens, two-thirds believed there weren't adequate limits on what types of data could be collected, 61 percent said they had become less confident that the programs were serving the public interests, 54 percent of Americans disapproved of the U.S. government's collection of telephone and Internet data as part of anti-terrorism efforts, and 74 percent said they should not give up privacy and freedom for the sake of safety. Most said it was important to control who could get their information (93 percent), as well as what information about them was collected (90 percent) (www.pewresearch.org, May 29, 2015). | | 政府秘密监控公民个人信息侵犯公民隐私。据《华盛顿邮报》网站2015年12月1日报道，美国联邦调查局利用其特权强迫互联网公司未经法庭批准向其提供用户信息，包括全部的网络浏览记录。（注10）皮尤研究中心2015年5月29日发布的报告显示，大多数美国人反对政府大规模收集公民信息，有三分之二的人认为政府在收集信息方面没有足够的限制，61%的人越来越怀疑政府相关计划的目的，54%的人反对政府将收集电话和互联网信息作为反恐的手段，74%的人不同意为了安全的目的放弃隐私权和自由，93%的人认为应对收集信息的人加以管控，90%的人认为应对收集何种私人信息的种类加强管控。（注11） |
| Prison guards wantonly trampled on prisoners' human rights. According to a serial report on the website of the Miami Herald in December 2015, Lowell Correctional Institution, the nation's largest women's prison, was haunted by corruption, torment and sex abuse. The guards took hundreds of female inmates as whores and pressured them to barter sex for basic necessities, a shield from abuse or awards. In the past 10 years 57 inmates died in the prison, not accounting those who make it to hospital (www.miamiherald.com, December 12, 13 and 16, 2015). The Washington Post reported on its website on May 13, 2015 that a guard in the Fairfax County jail killed a mentally ill woman, Natasha McKenna, with a Taser stun gun (www.washingtonpost.com, May 13, 2015). The Fox News reported on its website on April 9, 2015 that guards in a prison in Florida was accused of abusing and even killing inmates. In one case, a mentally-ill inmate Darren Rainey was forced to take a shower for two hours with the water reportedly rigged to a scalding 180 degrees Fahrenheit. Despite his calls for help, no one came. He reportedly died after his skin was partially burned off his body (www.foxnews.com, April 9, 2015). | | 狱警肆意践踏囚犯人权。据《迈阿密先驱报》网站2015年12月连续报道，美国最大的女子监狱罗维尔监狱充斥着腐败、酷刑和性虐待，狱警将数百名女囚视为妓女，逼迫她们卖淫以换取基本的生活物资、保护或奖励。在过去十年间已有57名囚犯死在了该监狱，该数字尚未包括被送往医院的囚犯。（注12）《华盛顿邮报》网站2015年5月13日报道，费尔法克斯郡一所监狱的狱警用电击枪将女性精神病患者娜塔莎·麦肯娜杀害。（注13）福克斯新闻网网站2015年4月9日报道，佛罗里达州一所监狱的狱警被控虐待和杀害囚犯，其中患有精神疾患的囚犯达伦·莱尼被强迫淋浴长达两个小时，水温高达华氏180度。他虽大声求饶呼救，却无人理睬，最后竟被活活烫死。（注14） |
| | （注1） 美国联邦调查局报告，见www.fbi.gov。
（注2） 英国《经济学人》网站（www.economist.com），2015年12月1日。
（注3）《美国新闻与世界报道》网站（www.usnews.com），2015年3月6日。
（注4） 美国枪支暴力档案室网站（www.gunviolencearchive.org），2015年12月28日。
（注5） 美国联邦调查局报告，见www.fbi.gov。
（注6）《华盛顿邮报》网站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年12月24日。
（注7） 今日美国网站（www.usatoday.com），2015年12月22日。
（注8） 美国有线电视新闻网网站（edition.cnn.com），2015年11月26日。
（注9） 美国全国广播公司网站（www.nbc.com），2015年11月19日。
（注10）《华盛顿邮报》网站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年12月1日。
（注11） 皮尤中心网站（www.pewresearch.org），2015年5月29日。
（注12）《迈阿密先驱报》网站（www.miamiherald.com），2015年12月12日、13日、16日。
（注13）《华盛顿邮报》网站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年5月13日。
（注14） 福克斯新闻网网站（www.foxnews.com），2015年4月9日。 |
| II. Political Rights Not Safeguarded | | 二、政治权利无法得到应有保障 |
| In 2015, money politics and clan politics went from bad to worse in the nation where voters found it hard to express their real volition and there was discrimination against belief in political life. In addition, citizens' right to information was further suppressed. Unsurprisingly, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter said that "the U.S. is no longer a democracy" (www.huffingtonpost.com, August 3, 2015). | | 2015年，美国金钱政治和家族政治变本加厉，选民的真实意愿难以有效表达，政治生活中存在事实上的信仰歧视，公民知情权受到进一步压制。对此，美国前总统吉米·卡特发出“美国已经不再是民主国家了”的感慨。（注15） |
| Money politics revealed the hypocrisy in democracy. Although the laws of the United States put a lid on the size of individual donations to presidential candidates, there is no limit for such contributions to super PACs by individuals and corporations. The USA Today reported on April 10, 2015 that the allies of at least 11 White House hopefuls had launched committees to raise unlimited money to back their campaigns (www.usatoday.com, April 10, 2015). The presidential candidates and the super PACs raised about 380 million U.S. dollars in only half a year. More than 60 donations were worth more than 1 million U.S. dollars each, accounting for about one third of the total contributions. Half of the amount came from those who donated more than 100,000 U.S. dollars and the combined fund of the top 67 donors was more than three times that of 508,000 donors with least contributions (www.aol.com, August 1; www.politico.com, August 1). According to a report of the Zerohedge, between 2007 and 2012, 200 of America's most politically active corporations spent a combined 5.8 billion U.S. dollars on federal lobbying and campaign contributions. What they gave paled compared to what those same corporations got: 4.4 trillion U.S. dollars in federal business and support. Put that in context, the sum represented two thirds of what individual taxpayers paid into the federal treasury. For every dollar spent on influencing politics, the nation's most politically active corporations received 760 U.S. dollars from the government (www.zerohedge.com, March 16, 2015). Jimmy Carter said that with unlimited political bribery being the essence of getting the nominations for president or being elected president, the U.S. political system was subverted to be a payoff to major contributors (www.huffingtonpost.com, August 3, 2015). The role money played in politics was also indicated in the U.S. President's State of the Union Address for 2016, which said a handful of families and hidden interests were exercising influence on elections via their funds. | | 金钱政治暴露民主虚伪性。美国法律对个人向总统候选人捐款数额作了限制，但对个人和企业向超级政治行动委员会捐款没有限制。《今日美国》2015年4月10日报道，至少有11个总统候选人联盟成立了超级政治行动委员会，借以筹集无限额捐款支持竞选。（注16）总统候选人和超级政治行动委员会仅用半年时间，就筹集到3.8亿美元，其中60多笔100万美元以上的捐款占三分之一，一半捐款来自出资10万美元以上的捐款人，67位出资最多的捐款人捐款总额是50.8万名最小额捐助者的3倍还多。（注17）据美国财经博客网披露，2007至2012年，在政治方面最为活跃的200家企业共耗费58亿美元用于联邦游说和竞选捐款，而它们则从联邦政府项目和支持中获得4.4万亿美元的回报，占美国个人纳税者向联邦政府所缴税款的三分之二。这意味着，企业为影响美国政治的花费可以获取760倍的回报。（注18）美国前总统吉米·卡特就此指出，无限额的政治贿赂成为提名总统候选人或当选总统的主要影响因素，“美国的政治体系已被颠覆为向主要政治捐助者提供回报的工具”。（注19）美国总统2016年国情咨文也承认金钱对政治的影响很大，称“少数家族和幕后利益集团利用资金影响选举”。 |
| Clan politics was driving U.S. government elections. Among the candidates for the 2016 presidential election, more than one candidate was obviously related to clan politics. The New York Times concluded through big data analysis that advantages from father generation played a role in politics obviously. The chance for the son of a U.S. president to become president was 1.4 million times higher than his peers. Meanwhile the chance for a governor's son to be elected governor was 6,000 times higher than ordinary people. In addition, the chance for the son of a senator to be a senator like his father was also 8,500 times higher than ordinary U.S. men (www.nytimes.com, March 22, 2015). The Washington Post reported on January 16, 2015 that since the beginning of the Republic, 8.7 percent of its members of Congress were closely related to someone who had served in the body. The report continued to point out that a smell of heirship could be detected in the U.S. presidential election since the possible slate of candidates would include the son of a governor and presidential candidate, the son of a congressman and presidential candidate, the wife of a president and the brother of a president, son of a president and grandson of a senator (www.washingtonpost.com, January 16, 2015). | | 家族政治左右美国选举。在参加2016年美国总统选举的候选人中，有多名参选人家族政治背景明显。《纽约时报》通过大数据分析得出结论，“父辈优势”在政治领域明显。美国总统的儿子成为总统的几率比同龄人高140万倍，州长的儿子成为州长的概率比普通美国人高6000倍，参议员子承父业的机会比普通美国男性高出8500倍。（注20）据《华盛顿邮报》2015年1月16日报道，自从共和党建立以来，其8.7%的国会议员与前国会议员是近亲。该报道还指出，美国总统竞选充满贵族继承制的气息：有可能入围候选人名单的是州长和总统候选人的儿子，国会议员和总统候选人的儿子，总统的妻子和总统的兄弟，总统的儿子和参议员的孙子。（注21） |
| Discrimination against beliefs led to unfairness in political life. Not believing in God could be the biggest disadvantage while running for a post in public office. It was difficult for those who were not Christians to win elections and for those who did not have a religious belief, the chance to win elections was slimmer. In a May 2014 Pew Research survey, atheism was the most disqualifying factor for a potential presidential candidate, according to a report posted on the website of The Washington Post on September 22, 2015. More than half of those surveyed said they would be less likely to vote for someone who did not believe in God. And another Pew poll in July 2014 found that of all religion-related groups, atheists and Muslims were viewed the most negatively by Americans (www.washingtonpost.com, September 22, 2015). | | 信仰歧视使政治生活失去公平。在美国，不信仰上帝可能成为公职竞选中的最大限制。不信仰基督教的人想赢得竞选是非常困难的，而不信仰任何宗教的人想赢得竞选则更加困难。据《华盛顿邮报》网站2015年9月22日报道，皮尤中心2014年5月的一次调查显示，无神论被视为潜在总统候选人不合格的最重要因素，超过一半的人表示他们不太可能将选票投给一个不信仰上帝的人。同年7月的另一次调查显示，在所有与宗教相关的群体中，无神论者和穆斯林被美国人予以最负面的评价。（注22） |
| Citizens' electoral rights were further limited. According to an article on the website of the U.S. News and World Report on August 4, 2015, since 2010, a total of 21 states had adopted new laws to limit the exercise of suffrage. Some states shortened the time for early voting, while others limited the number of documents identifying one as a lawful voter. A total of 14 states will carry out fresh measures to limit the exercise of suffrage for the first time in 2016 presidential election. The voting rights were hit by the vicious competition between the two parties. One Democratic candidate accused GOP presidential candidates of having "systematically and deliberately" tried to keep millions of Americans from voting so as to win the election (www.usnews.com, August 4, 2015). A USA Today report, which was published on its website on March 20, 2015, said the nation had its lowest midterm-election voter turnout in 2014 since the early 1940s. The average turnout across the United States was 37 percent, with a low of 28.8 percent recorded in Indiana (http://www.usatoday.com, March 20, 2015). | | 公民选举权受到进一步限制。据《美国新闻与世界报道》网站2015年8月4日披露，2010年以来，已经有21个州通过了新的法律来限制投票权的行使，一些州缩短了提前投票时间，其他的州则限制了证明合法选民身份的有效文件的数量。有14个州将在2016年的总统大选中首次实施限制投票权行使的新措施。公民选举权成为两党恶性竞争的牺牲品，有民主党参选人指责共和党参选人“系统和故意地”阻止数以万计的美国人投票，以达到其竞选获胜的目的。（注23）《今日美国》网站2015年3月20日报道，美国2014年中期选举的投票率为20世纪40年代以来的最低。全国的平均投票率为37%，最低为印第安纳州，只有28.8%。（注24） |
| It was difficult for voters to express their real will. The Christian Science Monitor carried a report on its website on December 13, 2015 that the two-party system forced the voters to take side. Most voters cast ballots for a party not because they supported the party but out of fear and worry over the other one (www.csmonitor.com, December 13, 2015). It was said in the U.S. President's State of the Union Address for 2016 that the practice of drawing congressional districts led to the situation where "politicians can pick their voters, and not the other way around." It went on to say that "the rancor and suspicion between parties has gotten worse instead of better." | | 选民真实意愿难以得到有效表达。据《基督教科学箴言报》网站2015年12月13日分析，两党制迫使美国选民两极分化，大多数选民并非真正支持所选择的政党，而是出于对另一政党的担心和恐惧作出无奈选择。（注25）美国总统在2016年国情咨文中承认，现有划分国会选区做法的结果是“政客选择选民，而不是选民选择政客”，“党派间的积怨和猜疑未见减弱，反而变得更深”。 |
| Citizens' right to information was hampered by the government. According to a report by the Associated Press on March 13, 2015, authorities were undermining the laws that were supposed to guarantee citizens' right to information and the systems created to give citizens information about their government. In addition, it was getting harder to use public records to hold government officials accountable (www.ap.org, March 13, 2015). An article on the website of the CNN reported on February 13, 2015 that journalists and news supervision authorities had continually slammed the current U.S. administration as one of the least transparent. At least 15 journalists were arrested in Ferguson protests (edition.cnn.com, February 13, 2015). | | 公民知情权遭受政府打压。据美联社2015年3月13日报道，美国政府正在削弱有关保障公民获得信息权利的法律，公民获取政府信息的系统遭受严重破坏，公民借助公共档案向政府官员问责愈加困难。（注26）美国有线电视新闻网2015年2月13日报道，记者和新闻监管机构一直抨击本届美国政府为最不透明的政府之一。因对弗格森案的抗议，至少有15名新闻记者被捕。（注27） |
| III. Economic and Social Rights under Challenge | | 三、经济和社会权利难以有效实现 |
| In 2015, no substantial progress concerning the economic and social rights of U.S. citizens were made. Workers carried out mass strikes to claim their rights at work. Food-insecure and homeless populations remained huge. Many U.S. people suffered from poor health. | | 2015年，美国在经济和社会权利保障方面缺乏实质性进步，工人为维护工作权利举行大规模罢工，食物无保障者和无家可归者数量庞大，公众健康状况堪忧。 |
| The rights of laborers at work were not effectively protected. On October 6, 2015, Al Jazeera America reported that about 40 percent of private-sector workers, or 44 million people in America, did not have access to paid sick leave. Large scale strikes in many industries were reported. In February 2015, workers at nine oil refineries in California, Texas, Kentucky and Washington states carried out strikes, protesting onerous overtime, unsafe staffing levels and dangerous conditions (america.aljazeera.com, February 2, October 6, 2015). In April, the same year, fast food workers walked off the job in 230 cities, staging a strike aimed at a minimum wage of 15 U.S. dollars. In November, they walked out in hundreds of cities for the same reason. About 2,000 workers at seven major U.S. airports went on strike in November to protest low wages (thinkprogress.org, April 15, 2015; www.usatoday.com, November 10, November 19, 2015). | | 劳动者的工作权利未能得到有效保障。据半岛电视台美国频道网站2015年10月6日报道，美国4400万受雇于私人部门的劳动者无法享受带薪病假的权利，占私人部门劳动者总数的40%。很多行业出现了大规模的罢工。2015年2月，加利福尼亚、得克萨斯、肯塔基和华盛顿州9个炼油厂的工人举行罢工，抗议繁重的加班、不稳定的岗位和危险的工作环境。（注28）2015年4月，230个城市的快餐店职员罢工，以争取15美元的最低工资；11月，数百个城市的快餐店职员为此再次罢工并示威游行，全美7个主要机场的2000多名工作人员也进行了罢工以抗议过低的工资水平。（注29） |
| There was huge income gap between the rich and the poor. In the United States, 3.1 percent of income earned annually went to the poorest 20 percent of people, while 51.4 percent was earned by the richest 20 percent (www.usatoday.com, October 10, 2015). Official data showed that 46.7 million people were living in poverty in 2014. (www.census.gov). In Delaware, the percentage of people living below the federal poverty line in 2014 was 12.5 percent, creeping up from 11.7 percent in 2013. Nearly a quarter of residents of Wilmington, Delaware lived below the poverty line. The poverty rate for children was around 20 percent. U.S. people were pessimistic about the prospects of social and economic instability. Seventy-nine percent of Americans believed it was more common for people to fall out of the middle class than rise up to it (www.usatoday.com, June 9, November 23, 2015). | | 贫富差距悬殊。美国最穷的20%人口的收入仅占全民总收入的3.1%，而最富有的20%人口的收入占到51.4%。（注30）官方公布的2014年的贫困人口达到4670万人。（注31）以特拉华州为例，生活在贫困线以下的人口由2013年的11.7%上升到了12.5%，其中威尔明顿市贫困线以下的人口占到了近25%，儿童的贫困率则高达20%左右。美国民众对社会经济波动前景感到悲观，79%的人相信更多人会掉出而不是上升到中产阶级行列。（注32） |
| There was a large food-insecure population in the United States. According to a report published on the Guardian website on November 26, 2015, government statistics suggested that between 2008 and 2014 at least 48.1 million people a year were classed as "food insecure", including 19.2 percent of all households with children, meaning they could not always afford to eat balanced meals (www.theguardian.com, November 26, 2015). The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that each year, 48 million people suffered from a foodborne illness, resulting in 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths (www.pewtrusts.org, December 4, 2015). Approximately one fifth of all U.S. children lived in food-insecure households, according to the most recent data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (america.aljazeera.com, October 8, 2015). | | 食物无保障者规模庞大。据英国《卫报》网站2015年11月26日报道，2008至2014年间，美国每年至少有4810万人被官方认定为“食物无保障者”，包括19.2%有孩子的家庭，这意味着他们的均衡饮食难以保障。（注33）据美国疾病控制与防治中心评估，每年有4800万人会患上食源性疾病，其中12.8万人需要住院治疗，3000人因此丧命。（注34）根据美国农业部的最新数据，大约五分之一的儿童生活在食品保障不足的家庭。（注35） |
| Hundreds of thousands of U.S. people were homeless. A report published on the USA Today website on June 9, 2015 said housing prices had skyrocketed in the United States in recent years, while income levels remained stagnant. Fifty-five percent of Americans had made more financial sacrifice to afford their housing. According to a report by the National Association of Realtors, the gap between rental costs and household income had been widening to unsustainable levels (www.usatoday.com, June 9, July 31, 2015). A study by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) found that more than 560,000 people were homeless in the United States as of November 18, 2015. About one fourth of them were children under the age of 18 (www.hud.gov). In New York City, there were 59,568 homeless people, including 14,361 homeless families with 23,858 homeless children, sleeping each night in municipal shelters in October 2015, 86 percent higher than the number in 2005. People living on streets had no access to toilets or showers (www.pewtrusts.org, November 11, 2015). In recent years, Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland and the state of Hawaii have all recently declared emergencies over the rise of homelessness (www.presstv.ir, November 20, 2015). | | 数十万人无家可归。《今日美国》网站2015年6月9日报道，美国近几年住房价格快速上涨，而居民收入却停滞不前，55%的民众不得不为住房付出更高代价。全美地产经纪商协会的报告指出，房租和家庭收入之间的差距已经扩大到无法维持的水平。（注36）据美国住房和城市发展部的报告，截至2015年11月18日，全国超过56万人无家可归，其中包括25%的18岁以下儿童。（注37）以纽约为例，2015年10月共有59568名无家可归者每天夜里在庇护所里度过，比2005年高出86%，其中包括14361个家庭和23858名儿童。露宿街头的无家可归者普遍面临着缺乏如厕和洗澡场所等问题。（注38）洛杉矶、西雅图、波特兰和夏威夷州近年来都曾因无家可归者增多而宣布进入紧急状态。（注39） |
| Human right to health of U.S. people was not fully protected. According to a report of the Institute for Policy Innovation released on September 18, 2015, there were still 33 million people in the United States uninsured, although U.S. Congress had passed the health care reform bill in 2010, promising to establish a universal healthcare system (www.ipi.org, September 18, 2015). The United States was reported to have the worst medical care system and the highest number of infant mortalities out of 11 developed countries (borgenproject.org, August 23, 2015). There were more than 6,200 places nationwide with a shortage of primary care physicians (www.washingtonpost.com, December 12, 2015). Today, more than 1.2 million people in the United States were HIV-positive. About one in eight of those infected were unaware of their status (edition.cnn.com, December 9, 2015). There was a significant difference between the health conditions of the rich and the poor. According to an AFP report on October 14, 2015, in Brooklyn's poorest neighborhood of Brownsville, New York City, nearly 40 percent of its citizens lived below the federal poverty level. Brownsville suffered more than twice the rates of new HIV diagnoses in New York City. Its people died 11 years earlier than those living around Manhattan's financial district. (AFP, October 14, 2015). | | 健康权保障不力。据美国政策创新研究所2015年9月18日发表的分析报告，尽管美国国会在2010年就通过了政府提出的医疗改革法案，承诺要建立全民医保体系，但至今仍有3300万人没有医疗保险。（注40）美国医疗护理水平在11个发达国家中倒数第1，婴儿死亡率最高。（注41）全国有超过6200个地方缺乏初级护理医生。（注42）全国艾滋病感染者超过120万人，其中八分之一的感染者并不知情。（注43）贫富群体的健康保障存在显著差异。据法新社2015年10月14日报道，纽约市布鲁克林区布朗斯维尔街区近40%的人生活在贫困线以下，其居民新感染艾滋病毒的比率为全纽约的2倍多，人均寿命比曼哈顿金融区的居民少11年。（注44） |
| Case fatality rate due to drug overdose set new record high. According to a CDC report, drug overdose was the leading cause of diseases in the United States. The death rate from drug overdose more than doubled from 6.0 per 100,000 population in 1999 to 13.8 in 2013. More than 47,000 people died from drug overdoses in 2014, an increase of 3,018 from 2013. Heroin poses the biggest issue among all forms of drug overdose. In 2013, deaths from heroin-related overdose exceeded 8,200, nearly quadrupling that of 2002. In 2014, the number surged to 10,574. Increasing number of young people and females took heroin. Compared with figures in the period from 2002 to 2004, the number of young heroin addicts aged between 18 and 25 in 2011-2013 period increased by 109 percent, while female users doubled (www.cdc.gov, October 16, December 29, 2015; www.usnews.com, December 18, 2015). | | 药物滥用致死率再创新高。据美国疾病控制与防治中心报告显示，药物滥用成为当前美国主要的致病原因。药物滥用致死率1999年至2013年增长了1倍多，从每十万居民6.0人上升至13.8人。2014年，因药物滥用造成超过47000人死亡，比2013年增加3018人。在所有药物滥用中，海洛因滥用尤为突出。2002年至2013年，海洛因过量使用致死人数翻了近两番，达到8200多人，2014年又猛增至10574人。在海洛因吸食者中，青年和女性增长明显。与2002年至2004年相比，2011年至2013年吸食海洛因的18至25岁青年人数增长了109%，女性增长了100%。（注45） |
| | （注15）《赫芬顿邮报》网站（www.huffingtonpost.com），2015年8月3日。
（注16）《今日美国》网站（www.usatoday.com），2015年4月10日。
（注17）美国在线网站（www.aol.com），2015年8月1日；politico网站（www.politico.com），2015年8月1日。
（注18）美国财经博客网（www.zerohedge.com），2015年3月16日。
（注19）《赫芬顿邮报》网站（www.huffingtonpost.com），2015年8月3日。
（注20）《纽约时报》网站（www.nytimes.com），2015年3月22日。
（注21）《华盛顿邮报》网站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年1月16日。
（注22）《华盛顿邮报》网站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年9月22日。
（注23）《美国新闻与世界报道》网站（www.usnews.com），2015年8月4日。
（注24）《今日美国》网站（www.usatoday.com），2015年3月20日。
（注25）《基督教科学箴言报》网站（www.csmonitor.com），2015年12月13日。
（注26）美联社网站（www.ap.org），2015年3月13日。
（注27）美国有线电视新闻网网站（edition.cnn.com），2015年2月13日。
（注28） 半岛电视台美国频道网站（america.aljazeera.com），2015年2月2日，10月6日。
（注29）《思考进步》网站（thinkprogress.org），2015年4月15日；《今日美国》网站（www.usatoday.com），2015年11月10日、19日。
（注30）《今日美国》网站（www.usatoday.com），2015年10月10日。
（注31） 美国人口普查局报告，见www.census.gov。
（注32）《今日美国》网站（www.usatoday.com），2015年6月9日、11月23日。
（注33） 英国《卫报》网站（www.theguardian.com），2015年11月26日。
（注34） 皮尤中心网站（www.pewtrusts.org），2015年12月4日。
（注35） 半岛电视台美国频道网站（america.aljazeera.com），2015年10月8日。
（注36） 《今日美国》网站（www.usatoday.com），2015年6月9日、7月31日。
（注37） 美国住房和城市发展部的报告，见www.hud.gov。
（注38） 皮尤慈善信托组织网站（www.pewtrusts.org），2015年11月11日。
（注39） 伊朗PRESS TV网站（www.presstv.ir），2015年11月20日。
（注40） 美国政策创新研究所网站（www.ipi.org），2015年9月18日。
（注41） 博根项目网站（borgenproject.org），2015年8月23日。
（注42）《华盛顿邮报》网站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年12月12日。
（注43） 美国有线电视新闻网网站（edition.cnn.com），2015年12月9日。
（注44） 法新社，2015年10月14日。
（注45） 美国疾病防控中心网站（www.cdc.gov），2015年10月16日、12月29日；《美国新闻与世界报道》网站（www.usnews.com），2015年12月18日。 |
| IV. Racial Discrimination Worse Than Ever | | 四、种族歧视变本加厉 |
| In 2015, racial relations in the United States kept deteriorating. Law enforcement and justice fields were heavily influenced by racial discrimination, and race-based hate crimes occurred occasionally. Anti-Muslim remarks caused a great clamor, and minority races were unable to change their vulnerable status in economic and social lives. | | 2015年，美国的种族关系持续恶化，执法司法领域依然是种族歧视的重灾区，种族仇恨犯罪时有发生，反穆斯林言论甚嚣尘上，少数族裔在经济和社会生活中的弱势地位难以扭转。 |
| Americans' view of race relations was at a two-decade low. A poll jointly released by the CBS News and The New York Times on May 4, 2015 showed that 61 percent of Americans characterized race relations in the United States as "bad," including a majority of white and black respondents. The figure was the highest since 1992 (newyork.cbslocal.com, May 4, 2015). A Wall Street Journal-NBC News poll in December 2015 showed that only 34 percent of Americans believe race relations in the United States were fairly good or very good, down from a high of 77 percent in January 2009 (blogs.wsj.com, December 16, 2015). A survey released in November 2015 by the Public Religion Research Institute in the United States showed that 35 percent of Americans believed racial tensions were a major concern in their own communities, jumping 18 percentage points from 2012 (publicreligion.org, November 17, 2015). Figures released in August 2015 by Pew Research Center showed that 50 percent of Americans said that racism was a big problem in the U.S. society; 60 percent Americans said the country needed to continue making changes to achieve racial equality, up 14 percentage points from a year ago (www.people-press.org, August 5, 2015). | | 种族关系为近20年来最糟糕年份。美国哥伦比亚广播公司与《纽约时报》2015年5月4日联合发布的调查显示，61%的美国人认为美国的种族关系差，这是1992年以来的最高点，大多数非洲裔和白人美国人均认为美国种族关系处于糟糕状态。（注46）《华尔街日报》和美国全国广播公司新闻网2015年12月的联合调查显示，认为美国的种族关系处于良好状态的美国人从2009年1月的77%下降到34%。（注47）美国公共宗教研究所2015年11月发布的调查结果显示，35%的被调查者认为自己居住的社区存在种族紧张问题，比2012年增长了18个百分点。（注48）皮尤中心2015年8月发布的数据显示，50%的美国人认为种族主义是美国社会的严重问题；60%的美国人认为国家需要继续努力促进种族平等，比一年前高出14个百分点。（注49） |
| Cases of African-Americans being killed by police occurred repeatedly. On November 15, 2015, the 24-year-old African-American Jamar Clark was shot dead by white police officers. The fatal shooting occurred when two police officers were trying to arrest him. Witnesses said that Clark was handcuffed when he was shot in the head. The civil rights organization "Black Lives Matter" organized protests in multiple cities across the country. In a Facebook post, Black Lives Matter activists noted "the era of white supremacist terrorism against people of color across the U.S.," (www.theatlantic.com, November 18, 2015; www.mprnews.org, November 20, 2015; www.huffingtonpost.com, November 24, 2015) On April 12, 2015, as 25-year-old African-American Freddie Gray was being arrested, police handcuffed him and had knees on his back and his head. Gray was dragged and thrown into the back of a police van with his face down. Gray requested medical attention while being transported in the van but the request was denied. Gray lapsed into a coma following the journey on April 12 and died a week later in a hospital. He died of a severe spinal cord injury. The incident sparked large-scale protests in Baltimore. The protests turned violent on April 27, and Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan declared a state of emergency and activated the National Guard. It was the second time in six months that a state called out the National Guard to enforce order after a white police officer killed a black teenager, Michael Brown, in Ferguson in 2014. The New York Times said that Gray had become the nation's latest symbol of police brutality in an April 28 story. (edition.cnn.com, April 29, 2015; www.bbc.com, May 5, 2015; baltimore.cbslocal.com, April 27, 2015; www.nytimes.com, April 27 and 28, 2015) According to The Washington Post website, police fatally shot 965 people in 2015 as of December 24, 2015, including 36 unarmed African-Americans (www.washingtonpost.com, December 24, 2015). The CBS News-New York Times poll released on May 4, 2015 showed that 79 percent of African-Americans believed police were more likely to use deadly force against a black person than against a white person, and black respondents were more likely than white respondents to believe their local police made them feel anxious rather than safe (newyork.cbslocal.com, May 4, 2015). According to a poll released by the National Bar Association in the United States, 88 percent of blacks believed black people were treated unfairly by police, compared with 59 percent of whites who shared that view (www.usatoday.com, September 9, 2015). | | 警察杀害非洲裔美国人的案件屡屡发生。2015年11月15日，明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市24岁非洲裔男子贾马尔·克拉克被白人警察开枪打死。事发时，两名警察正试图逮捕他。据目击者称，克拉克头部中枪时双手戴着手铐。一个名为 “黑人生命很重要” 的民权团体在全国多个城市组织抗议游行。活动组织者在社交网站上表示，“现在整个美国都弥漫着反对有色人种的白人至上恐怖主义。”（注50） 2015年4月12日，25岁的非洲裔男子弗雷迪·格雷在马里兰州西巴尔的摩地区遭警方逮捕时，被警察用膝盖顶住背部和头部、双手反铐在背后、脸朝下拖进警车。在发现格雷呼吸困难并要求帮助后，警察并未理会。格雷随后出现昏迷，直至送医院后死亡，死因是脊柱严重受伤。事件引发巴尔的摩市居民大规模抗议示威。示威活动27日演变成暴力冲突，导致马里兰州宣布进入紧急状态，并出动国民警卫队维持秩序。这是继2014年白人警察枪杀非洲裔少年布朗引发弗格森骚乱后，美国州政府6个月内第二次动用国民警卫队维护秩序。《纽约时报》4月28日评论称，“格雷成为这个国家警察暴行的最新象征”。（注51） 据《华盛顿邮报》网站统计，截至2015年12月24日，警察全年共射杀965人，其中36人是手无寸铁的非洲裔美国人。（注52）美国哥伦比亚广播公司与《纽约时报》2015年5月4日联合发布的调查显示，79%的非洲裔美国人认为警察更容易针对非洲裔使用致命性武器，非洲裔比白人更倾向于认为地方警察带给他们的是焦虑感而不是安全感。（注53）全美律师协会公布的一项调查显示，88%的非洲裔和59%的白人相信非洲裔美国人遭受到警察不公正的对待。（注54） |
| Racial discrimination in the criminal justice system was severe. A Gallup survey in 2015 showed that 68 percent of African-Americans believed the American criminal justice system was racially biased, while 37 percent of whites said the same (www.usatoday.com, June 18, 2015). According to a survey released by the Public Religion Research Institute, 51 percent of Americans disagreed that blacks and other minorities received equal treatment as whites in the criminal justice system, and 78 percent of black Americans disagreed that blacks and other minorities received equal treatment to whites in the criminal justice system (publicreligion.org, May 7, 2015). Prosecutors intentionally struck black people from juries in trials of black defendants. In the South, the practice for prosecutors to strike jurors based on race remained common (www.newyorker.com, June 5, 2015). | | 刑事司法领域种族歧视严重。2015年盖勒普公司的一项调查显示，68%的非洲裔美国人和37%的白人认为美国的刑事司法体系存在种族歧视。（注55）公共宗教研究所的调查显示，51%的美国人认为非洲裔和其他少数族裔在刑事司法体系中与白人相比受到了不平等对待，78%的非洲裔美国人认为他们在刑事司法体系中受到不平等待遇。（注56）在一些案件审判过程中，公诉人在选任陪审团成员时会刻意将符合条件的非洲裔陪审员排除出去。在美国南部地区，这种操纵陪审团种族构成的做法极为常见。（注57） |
| Race-related hate crimes occurred occasionally. Craig Stephen Hicks, 46, shot dead three Muslim students near the University of North Carolina on February 10, 2015. Hicks had frequently posted messages critical of various religions on the Internet (indianexpress.com, June 5, 2015). On June 17, 2015, Dylann Roof, a 21-year-old white man, opened fire and killed nine people, including a pastor, at an African-American church in Charleston in South Carolina. According to witnesses, Roof told the victims, "You rape our women and you're taking over our country, and you have to go (www.cbsnews.com, June 17, 2015; www.bbc.com, June 19, 2015)." | | 种族仇恨犯罪时有发生。46岁的克雷格·斯蒂芬·希克斯于2015年2月10日在北卡罗莱纳大学附近枪杀三名穆斯林学生，凶手此前时常在网络上发表各种反宗教言论。（注58）21岁的白人男子戴伦·鲁夫2015年6月17日晚在南卡罗莱纳州查尔斯顿一个非洲裔美国人教堂内枪杀了包括牧师在内的9人。鲁夫在行凶时对受害者大喊：“你们强奸我们的妇女，占领我们的国家，你们必须滚出去。”（注59） |
| Anti-Muslim remarks caused a great clamor. The Guardian reported on November 19, 2015 that a Republican presidential candidate made public comments, saying that he would consider warrantless searches of Muslims and increased surveillance of mosques, and that he would not rule out tracking Muslim Americans in a database or giving them "a special form of identification that noted their religion (www.theguardian.com, November 19, 2015)." On December 7, the presidential candidate made a statement calling for "a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States (www.economist.com, December 8, 2015)." In recent years, Americans' view on Islam became more and more negative. According to a survey by the Public Religion Research Institute, 56 percent of Americans said that the values of Islam were "at odds" with America's values and way of life, and 76 percent of Republicans were especially likely to have the same opinion (www.washingtonpost.com, November 17, 2015). The Human Rights Committee remained concerned about the practice of racial profiling and surveillance by law enforcement officials targeting certain ethnic minorities, notably Muslims (daccess-dds-ny.un.org). | | 反穆斯林言论甚嚣尘上。英国《卫报》网站2015年11月19日报道，一位共和党总统参选人公开发表言论，称会考虑对穆斯林实施未经授权的搜查，增加对清真寺的监控，并声称不排除建立追踪美国穆斯林的数据库，或给穆斯林颁发标明其宗教信仰的特殊身份证。（注60）12月7日，该参选人又声称“应全面禁止穆斯林进入美国”。（注61）近年来，美国人对伊斯兰教的看法变得越来越负面。美国公共宗教研究所的调查发现，56%的美国民众认为伊斯兰教与美国基本价值相冲突，持此观点的共和党人高达76%。（注62）联合国人权委员会对美国“执法人员对某些族裔群体特别是穆斯林的监视表示关切”。（注63） |
Minority races were in a dire situation. According to figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, the unemployment rates in November 2015 were 4.3 percent for whites, 9.4 percent for blacks and 6.4 percent for Hispanics. The unemployment rate for blacks more than doubled that for whites, and the figure for Hispanics was 50 percent higher than that for whites (www.bls.gov). The unemployment rate for black college graduates was roughly equal to the rate for white Americans with associate degrees (huffingtonpost.com, December 18, 2015). A third of Iowa's black households earned less than 20,000 U.S. dollars annually, compared with 8 percent of white households. More than one fifth of white households in Iowa earned 100,000 U.S. dollars or more in a year, but only eight percent of black households did (www.usatoday.com, October 31, 2015). Approximately 57 percent of New York City homeless shelter residents were African-American, 31 percent were Latino, 8 percent were white (www.coalitionforthehomeless.org, March 18, 2015). According to a CNN report on February 18, 2015, financial inequality was pervading the country and it was getting worse. Whites had 12 times the wealth of blacks and nearly 10 times more than Hispanics. "The American Dream remains out of reach for many African-American and Hispanic families." (money.cnn.com, February 18, 2015) The documentary Seeking Asylum by African-American Darnell Walker triggered heated responses after debuting online, chronicling the plight of black Americans who no longer felt safe in the United States due to rampant police brutality and were looking to settle elsewhere. Miles Marshall Lewis, who moved to France in 2004 from the United States, published his book "No Country for Black Men" in 2014, a response to the wave of police killings targeting blacks (www.thedailybeast.com, November 11, 2015).
．．．．．． | | 少数族裔处境艰难。美国劳工统计局数据显示，2015年11月白人失业率为4.3%，非洲裔为9.4%，拉美裔为6.4%。非洲裔失业率是白人失业率的两倍以上，拉美裔失业率比白人高出近50%。（注64）非洲裔大学生失业率与白人高中生失业率大致相当。（注65）在爱荷华州，33%的非洲裔家庭年收入低于2万美元，而只有8%的白人家庭低于此数。超过20%的白人家庭年收入超过10万美元，而只有8%的非洲裔家庭能达到同样水平。（注66）在纽约无家可归者收容所的受助者中，约57%是非洲裔，31%是拉美裔，8%是白人。（注67）据美国有线电视新闻网网站2015年2月18日报道，种族之间的收入不平等进一步扩大，白人拥有的财富是非洲裔的12倍，是拉美裔的近11倍，“对于很多非洲裔和拉美裔美国家庭而言，美国梦仍然遥不可及。”（注68）非洲裔美国人达内尔·沃克拍摄的名为《寻求避难》的纪录片在互联网上放映后，引起强烈反响。该片记录了非洲裔美国人的困境。由于警察的野蛮执法等原因，一些非洲裔美国人在美国不再感到安全，希望转到其他地方定居。针对美国连续发生的警察杀害非洲裔事件，2004年从美国移居法国的作家迈尔斯·马歇尔·刘易斯在2014年出版了《黑人没有国家》一书。（注69）
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