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Notice by the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the Ministry of Public Security of Issuing the Guiding Opinions on Applying the System of Justifiable Self-defense [Effective]
最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部印发《关于依法适用正当防卫制度的指导意见》的通知 [现行有效]
【法宝引证码】

Notice by the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the Ministry of Public Security of Issuing the Guiding Opinions on Applying the Law Regarding Self-defense 

最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部印发《关于依法适用正当防卫制度的指导意见》的通知

(No. 31 [2020] of the Supreme People's Court) (法发〔2020〕31号)

The higher people's courts, the higher people's procuratorates, and the public security departments (bureaus) of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; the Military Court and the Military Procuratorate of the People's Liberation Army; the Production and Construction Corps Branch of the Higher People's Court of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; and the Public Security Bureau and the Public Security Bureau of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps: 各省、自治区、直辖市高级人民法院、人民检察院、公安厅(局),解放军军事法院、军事检察院,新疆维吾尔自治区高级人民法院生产建设兵团分院,新疆生产建设兵团人民检察院、公安局:
The Guiding Opinions of the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and the Ministry of Public Security on Applying the Law Regarding Self-defense are hereby issued to you for your earnest implementation. 现将《最高人民法院 最高人民检察院 公安部关于依法适用正当防卫制度的指导意见》予以印发,请认真贯彻执行。
Supreme People's Court 最高人民法院
Supreme People's Procuratorate 最高人民检察院
Ministry of Public Security 公安部
August 28, 2020 2020年8月28日
Guiding Opinions of the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and the Ministry of Public Security on Applying the Law Regarding Self-defense 最高人民法院最高人民检察院公安部关于依法适用正当防卫制度的指导意见
The Opinions are developed to accurately apply the law regarding self-defense, protect the citizens' right to self-defense, encourage the good Samaritan spirit, promote social justice, and incorporate socialist core values into criminal judicial work, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China and the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China and in light of the actual working conditions. 为依法准确适用正当防卫制度,维护公民的正当防卫权利,鼓励见义勇为,弘扬社会正气,把社会主义核心价值观融入刑事司法工作,根据《中华人民共和国刑法》和《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》的有关规定,结合工作实际,制定本意见。
I. General requirements 一、总体要求
1. Upholding the spirit of law making and handling cases in a strict and fair manner: Self-defense is a right granted to citizens by law. Based on the accurate understanding of and insight into the legal provisions and legislative purpose of self-defense, whether the elements of self-defense are met shall be determined according to the law. Any wrongful act such as “The crying baby gets the milk” or “The dying or injured party is on the right side” shall be prevented, and the principle of “law cannot yield to illegality” shall be resolutely safeguarded. 1.把握立法精神,严格公正办案。正当防卫是法律赋予公民的权利。要准确理解和把握正当防卫的法律规定和立法精神,对于符合正当防卫成立条件的,坚决依法认定。要切实防止“谁能闹谁有理”“谁死伤谁有理”的错误做法,坚决捍卫“法不能向不法让步”的法治精神。
2. Accurately determining the use of self-defense based on specific situations: factors of a case shall be comprehensively scrutinized according to the actual situations in which the victim defends him- or herself, and the elements of self-defense, such as time and limits, shall be accurately identified in combination with the possible response of an reasonable person in a similar circumstance. The stress and anxiety of the victim facing an unlawful attack shall be taken into account so as not to put the victim under normal circumstances afterwards as if he or she could act in a calm, reasonable, objective and precise manner at that moment. 2.立足具体案情,依法准确认定。要立足防卫人防卫时的具体情境,综合考虑案件发生的整体经过,结合一般人在类似情境下的可能反应,依法准确把握防卫的时间、限度等条件。要充分考虑防卫人面临不法侵害时的紧迫状态和紧张心理,防止在事后以正常情况下冷静理性、客观精确的标准去评判防卫人。
3. Keeping to the integration of law, reason and emotion, and maintaining fairness and justice: When determining whether an act constitutes self-defense, whether the use of force in self-defense is excessive or how to pass a sentence to imperfect self-defense, one shall focus on causal relationship and merits of a case to ensure that the case can be handled in a lawful and reasonable way and is in compliance with human emotions, the notion of fairness and justice in ordinary people can be satisfied, and the integration of legal and social effects can be achieved. 3.坚持法理情统一,维护公平正义。认定是否构成正当防卫、是否防卫过当以及对防卫过当裁量刑罚时,要注重查明前因后果,分清是非曲直,确保案件处理于法有据、于理应当、于情相容,符合人民群众的公平正义观念,实现法律效果与社会效果的有机统一。
4. Knowing the exact limits and preventing inappropriate determination: An illegal or criminal act that is actually an unlawful offense in the name of self-defense shall not be determined as self-defense or excessive defense. An act of self-defense that is defensive in nature but evidently exceeds the necessary limits, thus causing grievous harm, shall be determined as excessive defense according to law. 4.准确把握界限,防止不当认定。对于以防卫为名行不法侵害之实的违法犯罪行为,要坚决避免认定为正当防卫或者防卫过当。对于虽具有防卫性质,但防卫行为明显超过必要限度造成重大损害的,应当依法认定为防卫过当。
II. Application of self-defense 二、正当防卫的具体适用
5. Accurately identifying the causes of self-defense: Self-defense is justified in repelling an unlawful force. Unlawful forces include not only offenses against the right to life and health, but also violations of personal freedom, public and private properties, among other rights; and include not only criminal acts, but also illegal acts. Unlawful forces shall not be constrained to violent forces or criminal acts only. Self-defense against unlawful forces, such as illegally restricting others' personal freedom and illegally intruding others' residence, may be justifiable. Unlawful forces include not only forces against oneself, but also those that impair the national and public interests or harm other persons. Self-defense against immediate illegal or criminal acts that endanger safe driving or damage public safety, such as grabbing a steering wheel or assaulting a driver, may be considered justifiable. An immediate unlawful force of an adult against a minor shall be discouraged and restrained; and failure to discourage and restrain such a force may justify an act of self-defense. 5.准确把握正当防卫的起因条件。正当防卫的前提是存在不法侵害。不法侵害既包括侵犯生命、健康权利的行为,也包括侵犯人身自由、公私财产等权利的行为;既包括犯罪行为,也包括违法行为。不应将不法侵害不当限缩为暴力侵害或者犯罪行为。对于非法限制他人人身自由、非法侵入他人住宅等不法侵害,可以实行防卫。不法侵害既包括针对本人的不法侵害,也包括危害国家、公共利益或者针对他人的不法侵害。对于正在进行的拉拽方向盘、殴打司机等妨害安全驾驶、危害公共安全的违法犯罪行为,可以实行防卫。成年人对于未成年人正在实施的针对其他未成年人的不法侵害,应当劝阻、制止;劝阻、制止无效的,可以实行防卫。
6. Accurately determining the timing of self-defense: Self-defense is justifiable only for an immediate unlawful force. An attack that has caused a real and imminent danger shall be considered an immediate unlawful force. An unlawful force which is temporarily suspended or restrained but which the aggressor may possibly continue to use shall still be deemed as an immediate harm. In a property-related crime, an unlawful force through which the aggressor has taken property which, however, can be recovered by means of chasing or blocking may still be considered an immediate harm, and the fact that the aggressor has lost his or her attacking ability or has discontinued the attack shall be considered the ending of an unlawful force. Whether an unlawful force has started or ended shall be judged in a reasonable manner based on the situation in which the victim defends him- or herself according to the general perception of the public, without requiring the victim to foresee the outcome. Self-defense of the victim who has a wrong understanding of whether an unlawful force has started or ended due to panic or anxiety shall be properly determined according to the principle of the unification of objectivity and subjectivity. 6.准确把握正当防卫的时间条件。正当防卫必须是针对正在进行的不法侵害。对于不法侵害已经形成现实、紧迫危险的,应当认定为不法侵害已经开始;对于不法侵害虽然暂时中断或者被暂时制止,但不法侵害人仍有继续实施侵害的现实可能性的,应当认定为不法侵害仍在进行;在财产犯罪中,不法侵害人虽已取得财物,但通过追赶、阻击等措施能够追回财物的,可以视为不法侵害仍在进行;对于不法侵害人确已失去侵害能力或者确已放弃侵害的,应当认定为不法侵害已经结束。对于不法侵害是否已经开始或者结束,应当立足防卫人在防卫时所处情境,按照社会公众的一般认知,依法作出合乎情理的判断,不能苛求防卫人。对于防卫人因为恐慌、紧张等心理,对不法侵害是否已经开始或者结束产生错误认识的,应当根据主客观相统一原则,依法作出妥当处理。
7. Accurately determining the target of self-defense: Self-defense must be exercised against the aggressor(s). If someone is attacked by a group of persons, self-defense may be used against the person inflicting an unlawful attack or anyone who co-attacks the victim on the scene. The victim who knows that the aggressor is a person without the capacity of criminal responsibility or with diminished capacity of criminal responsibility shall try to prevent or restrain the attack by means other than the use of force. If no other means may prevent or restrain the attack, or the attack seriously endangers personal safety, the victim may resort to a counterattack.
......
 7.准确把握正当防卫的对象条件。正当防卫必须针对不法侵害人进行。对于多人共同实施不法侵害的,既可以针对直接实施不法侵害的人进行防卫,也可以针对在现场共同实施不法侵害的人进行防卫。明知侵害人是无刑事责任能力人或者限制刑事责任能力人的,应当尽量使用其他方式避免或者制止侵害;没有其他方式可以避免、制止不法侵害,或者不法侵害严重危及人身安全的,可以进行反击。
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