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International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights [Effective]
经济、社会及文化权利国际公约 [现行有效]
【法宝引证码】
  • Signatory: United Nations
  • Area: Political
  • The place of signing: New York
  • Signing Date: 12-16-1966
  • Effective date: 01-03-1976

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

 

经济、社会及文化权利国际公约

(Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in resolution 2200 A (XXI) on December 16, 1966 and opened for signature, ratification and accession by all States, which entered into force on January 3, 1976. The Government of the People's Republic of China signed this Convention on October 27, 1997 and deposited its instrument of ratification on March 27, 2001, declaring the following: 1. The Government of the People's Republic of China will act in accordance with relavant provisions of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the Trade Union Law of the People's Republic of China and the Labour Law of the People's Republic of China with regard to paragraph 1 (a) of thearticle 8 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2. In accordance with the notes dated June 20, 1997 and December 2, 1999 from the Permanent Representative of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights applies to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China and the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, in accordance with the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China and the 3. The signature of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights made by the Taiwan authorities on October 5, 1967 in the name of China is illegal, null and void. (联合国大会1966年12月16日第2200A(XXI)号决议通过,并开放给各国签字、批准和加入,于1976年1月3日生效。中华人民共和国政府于1997年10月27日签署本公约,并于2001年3月27日递交批准书,同时声明如下:一、中华人民共和国政府对《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》第八条第一款(甲)项,将依据《中华人民共和国宪法》、《中华人民共和国工会法》和《中华人民共和国劳动法》等法律的有关规定办理。二、根据1997年6月20日和1999年12月2日中华人民共和国常驻联合国代表先后致联合国秘书长的照会,《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》适用于中华人民共和国香港特别行政区和中华人民共和国澳门特别行政区,依照《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》和《中华人民共和国澳门特别行政区基本法》的规定,通过各该特别行政区的法律予以实施。三、台湾当局于1967年10月5日盗用中国名义对《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》所作的签署是非法的和无效的。
The present Covenant entered into force for me on June 27, 2001 and shall apply to Hong Kong and Macao. 本公约于2001年6月27日对我生效,并适用于香港、澳门。
The declaration made by the Central Government for Macao is as follows: (1) The Covenant shall apply in the Macao Special Administrative Region. In particular, Article 1 of the Convention shall not affect the status of Macao stipulated in the provisions of the Joint Declaration and of the Basic Law. (2) The relevant provisions of the Convention as applied to the Macao Special Administrative Region shall be implemented through the laws of the Macao Special Administrative Region. The rights and freedoms enjoyed by Macao residents shall not be restricted except as prescribed by law, and such restrictions shall not contravene the relevant provisions of the Covenant as applied to the Macao Special Administrative Region.) 中央政府为澳门所作的声明如下:(1)公约在澳门特别行政区适用。特别是公约第1条,不影响《联合声明》和《基本法》关于澳门地位的规定。(2)公约适用于澳门特别行政区的有关规定通过澳门特别行政区的法律予以实施。澳门居民享有的权利和自由除依法规定外不得限制,此种限制不得与公约适用于澳门特别行政区的有关规定抵触。)
Preamble 序言
The States Parties to the present Covenant, 本公约缔约各国,
Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, 考虑到,按照联合国宪章所宣布的原则,对人类家庭所有成员的固有尊严及其平等的和不移的权利的承认,乃是世界自由、正义与和平的基础,
Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person, 确认这些权利是源于人身的固有尊严,
Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his economic, social and cultural rights, as well as his civil and political rights, 确认,按照世界人权宣言,只有在创造了使人可以享有其经济、社会及文化权利,正如享有其公民和政治权利一样的条件的情况下,才能实现自由人类享有免于恐惧和匮乏的自由的理想。
Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and freedoms, 考虑到各国根据联合国宪章负有义务促进对人的权利和自由的普通尊重和遵行,
Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant, 认识到个人对其他个人和对他所属的社会负有义务,应为促进和遵行本公约所承认的权利而努力,
Agree upon the following articles: 兹同意下述各条:
PART I 第一部分
Article 1 第一条
1. All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. 一、所有人民都有自决权。他们凭这种权利自由决定他们的政治地位,并自由谋求他们的经济、社会和文化的发展。
2. All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence. 二、所有人民得为他们自己的目的自由处置他们的天然财富和资源,而不损害根据基于互利原则的国际经济合作和国际法而产生的任何义务。在任何情况下不得剥夺一个人民自己的生存手段。
3. The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the realization of the right of self-determination, and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations. 三、本公约缔约各国,包括那些负责管理非自治领土和托管领土的国家,应在符合联合国宪章规定的条件下,促进自决权的实现,并尊重这种权利。
PART II 第二部分
Article 2 第二条
1. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and co-operation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognized in the present Covenant by all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures. 一、每一缔约国家承担尽最大能力个别采取步骤或经由国际援助和合作,特别是经济和技术方面的援助和合作,采取步骤,以便用一切适当方法,尤其包括用立法方法,逐渐达到本公约中所承认的权利的充分实现。
2. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to guarantee that the rights enunciated in the present Covenant will be exercised without discrimination of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. 二、本公约缔约各国承担保证,本公约所宣布的权利应予普遍行使,而不得有例如种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身分等任何区分。
3. Developing countries, with due regard to human rights and their national economy, may determine to what extent they would guarantee the economic rights recognized in the present Covenant to non-nationals. 三、发展中国家,在适当顾到人权及它们的民族经济的情况下,得决定它们对非本国国民的享受本公约中所承认的经济权利,给予什么程度的保证。
Article 3 第三条
The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights set forth in the present Covenant. 本公约缔约各国承担保证男子和妇女在本公约所载一切经济、社会及文化权利方面有平等的权利。
Article 4 第四条
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that, in the enjoyment of those rights provided by the State in conformity with the present Covenant, the State may subject such rights only to such limitations as are determined by law only in so far as this may be compatible with the nature of these rights and solely for the purpose of promoting the general welfare in a democratic society. 本公约缔约各国承认,在对各国依据本公约而规定的这些权利的享有方面,国家对此等权利只能加以限制同这些权利的性质不相违背而且只是为了促进民主社会中的总的福利的目的的法律所确定的限制。
Article 5 第五条
1. Nothing in the present Covenant may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights or freedoms recognized herein, or at their limitation to a greater extent than is provided for in the present Covenant. 一、本公约中任何部分不得解释为隐示任何国家、团体或个人有权利从事于任何旨在破坏本公约所承认的任何权利或自由或对它们加以较本公约所规定的范围更广的限制的活动或行为。
2. No restriction upon or derogation from any of the fundamental human rights recognized or existing in any country in virtue of law, conventions, regulations or custom shall be admitted on the pretext that the present Covenant does not recognize such rights or that it recognizes them to a lesser extent. 二、对于任何国家中依据法律、惯例、条例或习惯而被承认或存在的任何基本人权,不得借口本公约未予承认或只在较小范围上予以承认而予以限制或克减。
PART III 第三部分
Article 6 第六条
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right to work, which includes the right of everyone to the opportunity to gain his living by work which he freely chooses or accepts, and will take appropriate steps to safeguard this right. 一、本公约缔约各国承认工作权,包括人人应有机会凭其自由选择和接受的工作来谋生的权利,并将采取适当步骤来保障这一权利。
2. The steps to be taken by a State Party to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include technical and vocational guidance and training programmes, policies and techniques to achieve steady economic, social and cultural development and full and productive employment under conditions safeguarding fundamental political and economic freedoms to the individual. 二、本公约缔约各国为充分实现这一权利而采取的步骤应包括技术的和职业的指导和训练,以及在保障个人基本政治和经济自由的条件下达到稳定的经济、社会和文化的发展和充分的生产就业的计划、政策和技术。
Article 7 第七条
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of just and favourable conditions of work which ensure, in particular: 本公约缔约各国承认人人有权享受公正或良好的工作条件,特别要保证:
(a) Remuneration which provides all workers, as a minimum, with: (甲)最低限度给予所有工人以下列报酬:
(i) Fair wages and equal remuneration for work of equal value without distinction of any kind, in particular women being guaranteed conditions of work not inferior to those enjoyed by men, with equal pay for equal work; (1)公平的工资和同值工作同酬而没有任何歧视,特别是保证妇女享受不差于男子所享受的工作条件,并享受同工同酬;
(ii) A decent living for themselves and their families in accordance with the provisions of the present Covenant; (2)保证他们自己和他们的家庭得有符合本公约规定的过得去的生活;
(b) Safe and healthy working conditions; (乙)安全和卫生的工作条件;
(c) Equal opportunity for everyone to be promoted in his employment to an appropriate higher level, subject to no considerations other than those of seniority and competence; (丙)人人在其行业中适当的提级的同等机会,除资历和能力的考虑外,不受其他考虑的限制;
(d)Rest, leisure and reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay, as well as remuneration for public holidays (丁)休息、闲暇和工作时间的合理限制,定期给薪休假以及公共假日报酬。
Article 8 第八条
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to ensure: 一、本公约缔约各国承担保证:
(a) The right of everyone to form trade unions and join the trade union of his choice, subject only to the rules of the organization concerned, for the promotion and protection of his economic and social interests. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other than those prescribed by law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public order or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others; (甲)人人有权组织工会和参加他所选择的工会,以促进和保护他的经济和社会利益;这个权利只受有关工会的规章的限制。对这一权利的行使,不得加以除法律所规定及在民主社会中为了国家安全或公共秩序的利益或为保护他人的权利和自由所需要的限制以外的任何限制;
(b) The right of trade unions to establish national federations or confederations and the right of the latter to form or join international trade-union organizations; (乙)工会有权建立全国性的协会或联合会,有权组织或参加国际工会组织;
(c) The right of trade unions to function freely subject to no limitations other than those prescribed by law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public order or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others; (丙)工会有权自由地进行工作,不受除法律所规定及在民主社会中为了国家安全或公共秩序的利益或为保护他人的权利和自由所需要的限制以外的任何限制;
(d) The right to strike, provided that it is exercised in conformity with the laws of the particular country. (丁)有权罢工,但应按照各个国家的法律行使此项权利。
2. This article shall not prevent the imposition of lawful restrictions on the exercise of these rights by members of the armed forces or of the police or of the administration of the State. 二、本条不应禁止对军队或警察或国家行政机关成员的行使这些权利,加以合法的限制。
3. Nothing in this article shall authorize States Parties to the International Labour Organisation Convention of 1948 concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize to take legislative measures which would prejudice, or apply the law in such a manner as would prejudice, the guarantees provided for in that Convention. 三、本条并不授权参加一九四八条关于结社自由及保护组织权国际劳工公约的缔约国采取足以损害该公约中所规定的保证的立法措施,或在应用法律时损害这种保证。
Article 9 第九条
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to social security, including social insurance. 本公约缔约各国承认人人有权享受社会保障,包括社会保险。
Article 10 第十条
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that: 本公约缔约各国承认:
1. The widest possible protection and assistance should be accorded to the family, which is the natural and fundamental group unit of society, particularly for its establishment and while it is responsible for the care and education of dependent children. Marriage must be entered into with the free consent of the intending spouses. 一、对作为社会的自然和基本的单元的家庭,特别是对于它的建立和当它负责照顾和教育未独立的儿童时,应给予尽可能广泛的保护和协助。缔婚必须经男女双方自由同意。
2. Special protection should be accorded to mothers during a reasonable period before and after childbirth. During such period working mothers should be accorded paid leave or leave with adequate social security benefits. 二、对母亲,在产前和产后的合理期间,应给以特别保护。在此期间,对有工作的母亲应给以给薪休假或有适当社会保障福利金的休假。
3. Special measures of protection and assistance should be taken on behalf of all children and young persons without any discrimination for reasons of parentage or other conditions. Children and young persons should be protected from economic and social exploitation. Their employment in work harmful to their morals or health or dangerous to life or likely to hamper their normal development should be punishable by law. States should also set age limits below which the paid employment of child labour should be prohibited and punishable by law. 三、应为一切儿童和少年采取特殊的保护和协助措施,不得因出身或其他条件而有任何歧视。儿童和少年应予保护免受经济和社会的剥削。雇佣他们做对他们的道德或健康有害或对生命有危险的工作或做足以妨害他们正常发育的工作,依法应受惩罚。各国亦应规定限定的年龄,凡雇佣这个年龄以下的童工,应予禁止和依法应受惩罚。
Article 11 第十一条
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions. The States Parties will take appropriate steps to ensure the realization of this right, recognizing to this effect the essential importance of international co-operation based on free consent. 一、本公约缔约各国承认人人有权为他自己和家庭获得相当的生活水准,包括足够的食物、衣着和住房,并能不断改进生活条件。各缔约国将采取适当的步骤保证实现这一权利,并承认为此而实行基于自愿同意的国际合作的重要性。
2. The States Parties to the present Covenant, recognizing the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, shall take, individually and through international co-operation, the measures, including specific programmes, which are needed: 二、本公约缔约各国既确认人人享有免于饥饿的基本权利,应为下列目的,个别采取必要的措施或经由国际合作采取必要的措施,包括具体的计划在内:
(a) To improve methods of production, conservation and distribution of food by making full use of technical and scientific knowledge, by disseminating knowledge of the principles of nutrition and by developing or reforming agrarian systems in such a way as to achieve the most efficient development and utilization of natural resources; (甲)用充分利用科技知识、传播营养原则的知识、和发展或改革土地制度以使天然资源得到最有效的开发和利用等方法,改进粮食的生产、保存及分配方法;
(b) Taking into account the problems of both food-importing and food-exporting countries, to ensure an equitable distribution of world food supplies in relation to need. (乙)在顾到粮食入口国家和粮食出口国家的问题的情况下,保证世界粮食供应,会按照需要,公平分配。
Article 12 第十二条
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. 一、本公约缔约各国承认人人有权享有能达到的最高的体质和心理健康的标准。
2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for: 二、本公约缔约各国为充分实现这一权利而采取的步骤应包括为达到下列目标所需的步骤:
(a) The provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child; (甲)减低死胎率和婴儿死亡率,和使儿童得到健康的发育;
(b) The improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene; (乙)改善环境卫生和工业卫生的各个方面;
(c) The prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases; (丙)预防、治疗和控制传染病、风土病、职业病以及其他的疾病;
(d) The creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness. (丁)创造保证人人在患病时能得到医疗照顾的条件。
Article 13 第十三条
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to education. They agree that education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and the sense of its dignity, and shall strengthen the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. They further agree that education shall enable all persons to participate effectively in a free society, promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations and all racial, ethnic or religious groups, and further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. 一、本公约缔约各国承认,人人有受教育的权利。它们同意,教育应鼓励人的个性和尊严的充分发展,加强对人权和基本自由的尊重,并应使所有的人能有效地参加自由社会,促进各民族之间和各种族、人种或宗教团体之间的了解、容忍和友谊,和促进联合国维护和平的各项活动。
2. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that, with a view to achieving the full realization of this right: 二、本公约缔约各国认为,为了充分实现这一权利起见:
(a) Primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all; (甲)初等教育应属义务性质并一律免费;
(b) Secondary education in its different forms, including technical and vocational secondary education, shall be made generally available and accessible to all by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education; (乙)各种形式的中等教育,包括中等技术和职业教育,应以一切适当方法,普遍设立,并对一切人开放,特别要逐渐做到免费;
(c) Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education; (丙)高等教育应根据成绩,以一切适当方法,对一切人平等开放,特别要逐渐做到免费;
(d) Fundamental education shall be encouraged or intensified as far as possible for those persons who have not received or completed the whole period of their primary education; (丁)对那些未受到或未完成初等教育的人的基础教育,应尽可能加以鼓励或推进;
(e) The development of a system of schools at all levels shall be actively pursued, an adequate fellowship system shall be established, and the material conditions of teaching staff shall be continuously improved. (戊)各级学校的制度,应积极加以发展;适当的奖学金制度,应予设置;教员的物质条件,应不断加以改善。
3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to choose for their children schools, other than those established by the public authorities, which conform to such minimum educational standards as may be laid down or approved by the State and to ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions. 三、本公约缔约各国承担,尊重父母和(如适用时)法定监护人的下列自由:为他们的孩子选择非公立的但系符合于国家所可能规定或批准的最低教育标准的学校,并保证他们的孩子能按照他们自己的信仰接受宗教和道德教育。
4. No part of this article shall be construed so as to interfere with the liberty of individuals and bodies to establish and direct educational institutions, subject always to the observance of the principles set forth in paragraph I of this article and to the requirement that the education given in such institutions shall conform to such minimum standards as may be laid down by the State. 四、本条的任何部分不得解释为干涉个人或团体设立及管理教育机构的自由,但以遵守本条第一款所述各项原则及此等机构实施的教育必须符合于国家所可能规定的最低标准为限。
Article 14 第十四条
Each State Party to the present Covenant which, at the time of becoming a Party, has not been able to secure in its metropolitan territory or other territories under its jurisdiction compulsory primary education, free of charge, undertakes, within two years, to work out and adopt a detailed plan of action for the progressive implementation, within a reasonable number of years, to be fixed in the plan, of the principle of compulsory education free of charge for all. 本公约任何缔约国在参加本公约时尚未能在其宗主领土或其他在其管辖下的领土实施免费的、义务性的初等教育者,承担在两年之内制定和采取一个逐步实行的详细的行动计划,其中规定在合理的年限内实现一切人均得受免费的义务性教育的原则。
Article 15 第十五条
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone: 一、本公约缔约各国承认人人有权:
(a) To take part in cultural life; (甲)参加文化生活;
(b) To enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications; (乙)享受科学进步及其应用所产生的利益;
(c) To benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. (丙)对其本人的任何科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神上和物质上的利益,享受被保护之利。
2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for the conservation, the development and the diffusion of science and culture. 二、本公约缔约各国为充分实现这一权利而采取的步骤应包括为保存、发展和传播科学和文化所必需的步骤。
3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity. 三、本公约缔约各国承担尊重进行科学研究和创造性活动所不可缺少的自由。
4. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the benefits to be derived from the encouragement and development of international contacts and co-operation in the scientific and cultural fields. 四、本公约缔约各国认识到鼓励和发展科学与文化方面的国际接触和合作的好处。
PART IV 第四部分
Article 16 第十六条
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to submit in conformity with this part of the Covenant reports on the measures which they have adopted and the progress made in achieving the observance of the rights recognized herein. 一、本公约缔约各国承担依照本公约这一部分提出关于在遵行本公约所承认的权利方面所采取的措施和所取得的进展的报告。
2. (a) All reports shall be submitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies to the Economic and Social Council for consideration in accordance with the provisions of the present Covenant; 二、(甲)所有的报告应提交给联合国秘书长;联合国秘书长应将报告副本转交经济及社会理事会按照本公约的规定审议;
(b) The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall also transmit to the specialized agencies copies of the reports, or any relevant parts therefrom, from States Parties to the present Covenant which are also members of these specialized agencies in so far as these reports, or parts therefrom, relate to any matters which fall within the responsibilities of the said agencies in accordance with their constitutional instruments. (乙)本公约任何缔约国,同时是一个专门机构的成员国者,其所提交的报告或其中某部分,倘若与按照该专门机构的组织法规定属于该机构职司范围的事项有关,联合国秘书长应同时将报告副本或其中的有关部分转变该专门机构。
Article 17 第十七条
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant shall furnish their reports in stages, in accordance with a programme to be established by the Economic and Social Council within one year of the entry into force of the present Covenant after consultation with the States Parties and the specialized agencies concerned. 一、本公约缔约各国应按照经济及社会理事会在同本公约缔约各国和有关的专门机构进行咨商后,于本公约生效后一年内,所制定的计划,分期提供报告。
2. Reports may indicate factors and difficulties affecting the degree of fulfilment of obligations under the present Covenant. 二、报告得指出影响履行本公约义务的程度的因素和困难。
3. Where relevant information has previously been furnished to the United Nations or to any specialized agency by any State Party to the present Covenant, it will not be necessary to reproduce that information, but a precise reference to the information so furnished will suffice. 三、凡有关的材料业经本公约任一缔约国提供给联合国或某一专门机构时,即不需要复制该项材料,而只需确切指明所提供材料的所在地即可。
Article 18 第十八条
Pursuant to its responsibilities under the Charter of the United Nations in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the Economic and Social Council may make arrangements with the specialized agencies in respect of their reporting to it on the progress made in achieving the observance of the provisions of the present Covenant falling within the scope of their activities. These reports may include particulars of decisions and recommendations on such implementation adopted by their competent organs. 经济及社会理事会按照其根据联合国宪章在人权方面的责任,得和专门机构就专门机构向理事会报告在使本公约中属于各专门机构活动范围的规定获得遵行方面的进展作出安排。这些报告得包括它们的主管机构所采取的关于此等履行措施的决定和建议的细节。
Article 19 第十九条
The Economic and Social Council may transmit to the Commission on Human Rights for study and general recommendation or, as appropriate, for information the reports concerning human rights submitted by States in accordance with articles 16 and 17, and those concerning human rights submitted by the specialized agencies in accordance with article 18. 经济及社会理事会得将各国按照第十六条和第十七条规定提出的关于人权的报告和各专门机构按照第十八条规定提出的关于人权的报告转交人权委员会以供研究和提出一般建议或在适当时候参考。
Article 20 第二十条
The States Parties to the present Covenant and the specialized agencies concerned may submit comments to the Economic and Social Council on any general recommendation under article 19 or reference to such general recommendation in any report of the Commission on Human Rights or any documentation referred to therein. 本公约缔约各国以及有关的专门机构得就第十九条中规定的任何一般建议或就人权委员会的任何报告中的此种一般建议或其中所提及的任何文件,向经济及社会理事会提出意见。
Article 21 第二十一条
The Economic and Social Council may submit from time to time to the General Assembly reports with recommendations of a general nature and a summary of the information received from the States Parties to the present Covenant and the specialized agencies on the measures taken and the progress made in achieving general observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant. 经济及社会理事会得随时和其本身的报告一起向大会提出一般性的建议以及从本公约各缔约国和各专门机构收到的关于在普遍遵行本公约所承认的权利方面所采取的措施和所取得的进展的材料的摘要。
Article 22 第二十二条
The Economic and Social Council may bring to the attention of other organs of the United Nations, their subsidiary organs and specialized agencies concerned with furnishing technical assistance any matters arising out of the reports referred to in this part of the present Covenant which may assist such bodies in deciding, each within its field of competence, on the advisability of international measures likely to contribute to the effective progressive implementation of the present Covenant. 经济及社会理事会得提请从事技术援助的其他联合国机构和它们的辅助机构以及有关的专门机构对本公约这一部分所提取的各种报告所引起的任何事项予以注意,这些事项可能帮助这些机构在它们各自的权限内决定是否需要采取有助于促进本公约的逐步切实履行的国际措施。
Article 23 第二十三条
The States Parties to the present Covenant agree that international action for the achievement of the rights recognized in the present Covenant includes such methods as the conclusion of conventions, the adoption of recommendations, the furnishing of technical assistance and the holding of regional meetings and technical meetings for the purpose of consultation and study organized in conjunction with the Governments concerned. 本公约缔约各国同意为实现本公约所承认的权利而采取的国际行动应包括签订公约、提出建议、进行技术援助、以及为磋商和研究的目的同有关政府共同召开区域会议和技术会议等方法。
Article 24 第二十四条
Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as impairing the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and of the constitutions of the specialized agencies which define the respective responsibilities of the various organs of the United Nations and of the specialized agencies in regard to the matters dealt with in the present Covenant. 本公约的任何部分不得解释为有损联合国宪章和各专门机构组织法中确定联合国各机构和各专门机构在本公约所涉及事项方面的责任的规定。
Article 25 第二十五条
Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as impairing the inherent right of all peoples to enjoy and utilize fully and freely their natural wealth and resources. 本公约中任何部分不得解释为有损所有人民充分地和自由地享受和利用他们的天然财富与资源的固有权利。
PART V 第五部分
Article 26 第二十六条
1. The present Covenant is open for signature by any State Member of the United Nations or member of any of its specialized agencies, by any State Party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and by any other State which has been invited by the General Assembly of the United Nations to become a party to the present Covenant. 一、本公约开放给联合国任何会员国或其专门机构的任何会员国、国际法院规约的任何当事国、和经联合国大会邀请为本公约缔约国的任何其他国家签字。
2. The present Covenant is subject to ratification. Instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. 二、本公约须经批准。批准书应交存联合国秘书长。
3. The present Covenant shall be open to accession by any State referred to in paragraph 1 of this article. 三、本公约应开放给本条第一款所述的任何国家加入。
4. Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. 四、加入应向联合国秘书长交存加入书。
5. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all States which have signed the present Covenant or acceded to it of the deposit of each instrument of ratification or accession. 五、联合国秘书长应将每一批准书或加入书的交存通知已经签字或加入本公约的所有国家。
Article 27 第二十七条
1. The present Covenant shall enter into force three months after the date of the deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or instrument of accession. 一、本公约应自第三十五件批准书或加入书交存联合国秘书长之日起三个月后生效。
2. For each State ratifying the present Covenant or acceding to it after the deposit of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or instrument of accession, the present Covenant shall enter into force three months after the date of the deposit of its own instrument of ratification or instrument of accession. 二、对于在第三十五件批准书或加入书交存后批准或加入本公约的国家,本公约应自该国交存其批准书或加入书之日起三个月后生效。
Article 28 第二十八条
The provisions of the present Covenant shall extend to all parts of federal States without any limitations or exceptions. 本公约的规定应扩及联邦国家的所有部分,没有任何限制和例外。
Article 29 第二十九条
1. Any State Party to the present Covenant may propose an amendment and file it with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General shall thereupon communicate any proposed amendments to the States Parties to the present Covenant with a request that they notify him whether they favour a conference of States Parties for the purpose of considering and voting upon the proposals. In the event that at least one third of the States Parties favours such a conference, the Secretary-General shall convene the conference under the auspices of the United Nations. Any amendment adopted by a majority of the States Parties present and voting at the conference shall be submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations for approval. 一、本公约的任何缔约国均得提出对本公约的修正案,并将其提交联合国秘书长。秘书长应立即将提出的修正案转知本公约各缔约国,同时请它们通知秘书长是否赞成召开缔约国会议以审议这个提案并对它进行表决。在至少有三分之一缔约国赞成召开这一会议的情况下,秘书长应在联合国主持下召开此会议。为会议上出席并投票的多数缔约国所通过的任何修正案,应提交联合国大会批准。
2. Amendments shall come into force when they have been approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations and accepted by a two-thirds majority of the States Parties to the present Covenant in accordance with their respective constitutional processes. 二、此等修正案由联合国大会批准并为本公约缔约国的三分之二多数按照它们各自的宪法程序加以接受后,即行生效。
3. When amendments come into force they shall be binding on those States Parties which have accepted them, other States Parties still being bound by the provisions of the present Covenant and any earlier amendment which they have accepted. 三、此等修正案生效时,对已加接受的各缔约国有拘束力,其他缔约国仍受本公约的条款和它们已接受的任何以前的修正案的拘束。
Article 30 第三十条
Irrespective of the notifications made under article 26, paragraph 5, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all States referred to in paragraph I of the same article of the following particulars: 除按照第二十六条第五款作出的通知外,联合国秘书长应将下列事项通知同条第一款所述的所有国家:
(a) Signatures, ratifications and accessions under article 26; (甲)按照第二十六条规定所作的签字、批准和加入;
(b) The date of the entry into force of the present Covenant under article 27 and the date of the entry into force of any amendments under article 29. (乙)本公约按照第二十七条规定生效的日期,以及对本公约的任何修正案按照第二十九条规定生效的日期。
Article 31 第三十一条
1. The present Covenant, of which the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the United Nations. 一、本公约应交存联合国档库,其中文、英文、法人、俄文、西班牙文各本同一作准。
2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit certified copies of the present Covenant to all States referred to in article 26. 二、联合国秘书长应将本公约的正式副本分送第二十六条所指的所有国家。
Attachment is omitted.

 附件:
 中华人民共和国关于《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》
 执行情况的第二次报告
 共同核心文件
 目  录
 第一部分 国家概况
 一、地理、历史、人口、经济、社会和文化特征
 (一)地理和历史
 (二)人口
 (三)经济
 (四)社会和文化
 二、宪法、政治制度和司法体制
 (一)宪法
 (二)基本政治制度
 (三)国家机构
 (四)司法体制
 第二部分 促进和保护人权的一般框架
 一、接受国际人权公约情况
 (一)批准或加入主要国际人权公约情况
 (二)批准或加入其他与人权相关的国际公约情况
 二、国家层面促进和保护人权的法律体系
 (一)对于公民权利和政治权利的法律保障
 (二)对于经济、社会及文化权利的法律保障
 (三)对妇女、儿童、残疾人、少数民族等特殊群体权利的法律保障
 三、国家层面促进和保护人权的框架
 (一)《国家人权行动计划》
 (二)保护和促进人权的其他主要机构
 (三)非政府组织、学术机构、媒体参与人权保障
 (四)人权教育的开展
 (五)保护和促进人权的国际合作
 四、完成履约报告的过程
 第三部分 非歧视与平等问题
 一、保障非歧视与平等原则的法律
 二、禁止和消除一切形式歧视的措施
 (一)关于妇女权利保护的非歧视和平等措施
 (二)关于残疾人权利保护的非歧视和平等措施
 (三)关于少数民族权利的非歧视和平等措施
 三、缩小城乡、地区之间经济、社会发展不平衡的措施
 (一)缩小东西部地区发展不平衡的措施
 (二)缩小城乡发展不平衡的措施
 附件一:履约报告撰写跨部门工作组成员单位
 附件二:参与本次履约报告征询意见的非政府组织和学术研究机构
 附录:图表1-32
 第一部分 国家概况
 一、地理、历史、人口、经济、社会和文化特征
 (一)地理和历史
 中国位于亚洲东部,太平洋西岸,陆地面积约960万平方公里,居世界第三位,是世界上最大的发展中国家。全国行政区划分为4个直辖市,23个省,5个自治区,2个特别行政区,首都北京。
 中国是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一, 1840年后由于外国列强入侵,中国逐渐沦为半殖民地半封建国家。1949年,中华人民共和国成立,中国人民实现民族独立和解放,真正成为国家的主人,建立起促进和保护人权的基本社会政治制度。1997年和1999年,中国政府先后恢复对香港和澳门行使主权,设立中华人民共和国香港、澳门特别行政区。
 (二)人口
 1、人口总量、性别构成与城乡分布
 中国是世界上人口最多的国家。2009年末,中国大陆人口为13.3474亿,约占世界人口的21%,亚洲人口的33%,人口密度139人/平方公里。男性人口为6.8652亿,占总人口的51.4%,女性人口为6.4822亿,占总人口的48.6%。 2009年末,中国大陆城镇人口为6.2186亿,占总人口的46.6%,农村人口为7.1288亿,占总人口的53.4%。随着中国经济社会的发展和城市化进程的不断推进,城镇人口占总人口比例一直呈逐年上升趋势,从1978年的17.92%增长到2009年的46.6%,增加了1.5倍多(图表1)。
 2、人口出生率、死亡率、自然增长率
 中国在改革开放以来短短30年的时间内,人口再生产类型完成了由“高出生、低死亡、高自然增长”的传统模式向“低出生、低死亡、低自然增长”的现代模式转变,完成了发达国家通常需要上百年才能走完的转变历程。
 2009年中国大陆人口出生率为12.13‰,比1978年的18.25‰下降了6.12个千分点;死亡率为7.08‰,30年来长期保持7‰左右的低水平;自然增长率为5.05‰,比1978年的12.00‰下降了近7个千分点。年末总人口从1978年的9.6259亿增加到2009年的13.3474亿,年均增长10.6‰,比改革开放前(1949-1977年)年均增长20.3‰的速度下降了9.7个千分点。中国人口进入平稳增长时期(图表2)。
 3、预期寿命、年龄结构、抚养比
 改革开放以来,随着生活水平的提高和公共卫生事业的进步,中国人口总体健康状况有了极大改善, 平均预期寿命显著提高,从1981年的67.8岁,提高到2005年的73.0岁,提高了5.2岁,高于2005年世界人口平均预期寿命(67岁)和发展中国家及地区人口平均预期寿命(65岁)。其中男性平均预期寿命从1981年66.3岁提高到2005年的70.8岁,女性从69.3岁提高到75.3岁(图表3)。
 伴随人口出生率和总和生育率急剧下降,少儿人口比重下降,老年人口比重升高,中国人口年龄结构从相对年轻型人口结构,向相对老年化的人口结构转变。中国0-14岁人口占总人口的比重从1982年的33.6%下降到2009年的18.5%,15-64岁人口占总人口的比重从1982年的61.5%上升到2009年的73.0%,65岁及以上人口占总人口的比重从1982年的4.9%上升到2009年的8.5%。
 少儿抚养比从1982年的54.6%下降到2009年的25.3 %,老年抚养比从1982年的8.0%上升到2009年的11.6%,总抚养比从1982年的62.6%下降到2009年的36.9%。2005年后,人口总抚养比一直保持在40%以下(图表4)。
 4、民族、语言文字、宗教信仰
 中国有56个民族,除汉族以外,还有55个少数民族。据2000年第五次全国人口普查公报统计,中国大陆汉族人口为11.5940亿,占总人口的91.59%,少数民族人口为1.0643亿,占总人口的8.41%。和1990年第四次人口普查相比,汉族人口增加了11692万人,增长了11.22%,少数民族人口增加了1523万人,增长了16.70%。
 中华人民共和国成立后,少数民族生活得到极大改善,医疗保健事业取得很大进展,少数民族出现了人口兴旺、民族繁荣的景象。1991-2000年间,蒙古、藏、维吾尔等45个少数民族人口年均增长率高于同时期全国总人口年均增长率10‰的水平,一些少数民族人口年均增长率甚至高达44.8‰(高山族)。少数民族人口增长速度逐年加快,在1964-2000年间,少数民族占中国人口的比重由1964年的5.8%提高到1982年的6.7%、1990年的8.0%和2000年的8.4%。
 55个少数民族中,除满族和回族使用汉语外,其余53个少数民族有自己的语言,有些民族内部不同支系还使用不同的语言,语言总数超过80种,主要分属汉藏、阿尔泰、南亚、南岛、印欧等五大语系。调查显示,在中国1亿多少数民族人口中,从小会说本民族语言的约有6400万,占少数民族总人口的60%以上。新中国成立后,为了促进少数民族文化教育事业的发展,国家有关部门还帮助傣、彝、壮、苗、哈尼等民族改进和创制了文字。中国现有22个少数民族在使用28种文字,全国约有3000万少数民族公民使用本民族文字。
 中国是个多宗教的国家,现有各种宗教信徒一亿多人,主要信奉佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、天主教和基督教。改革开放以来,各宗教信徒人数平稳增加。如天主教平均每年增加5万多名信徒,目前约有信徒550万;基督教每年恢复、新建教堂约600座,现有信徒1600多万名(是新中国建立初期的20多倍);信仰伊斯兰教的穆斯林人数从1997年的1800万增长到2100万。
 (三)经济
 1、国内生产总值及其增长率、国民总收入、居民消费价格指数
 新中国成立60年来,特别是改革开放以来,中国国民经济综合实力实现由弱到强,由小到大的历史性转变。2009年中国国内生产总值335353亿元,比上年增长8.7%,经济总量位列美国、日本之后,居世界第3位,占世界经济总量的6.4%。扣除价格因素,2009年国内生产总值比1952年增加了86.5倍,年平均增长8.2%。人均国内生产总值由1952年的119元迅速提高到2009年的25188元。扣除价格因素,2009年人均国内生产总值比1952年增长36.4倍,年均增长6.6%(图表5、图表6)。
 国民总收入从1978年的3645.2亿元增长到2009年的337313亿元。2009年中国人均国民总收入约3700美元。按照世界银行的划分标准,中国已由长期以来的低收入国家跃升至世界中等偏下收入国家行列(图表7)。
 2009年中国居民消费价格指数为99.3(以上年为100)。改革开放30年来中国居民消费价格指数参见图表8。
 2、人均收入、恩格尔系数(注1:恩格尔系数(%)=食品支出总额/家庭或个人消费支出总额*100%。该系数反映随着家庭和个人收入增加,收入中用于食品方面的支出比例将逐渐缩小。根据联合国粮农组织提出的标准,恩格尔系数在59%以上为贫困,50-59%为温饱,40-50%为小康,30-40%为富裕,30%以下为最富裕。) 、消费结构、贫困人口比例
 改革开放以来,随着经济的发展,中国城乡居民收入迅速增长。中国城镇居民人均可支配收入从1978年的343.4元提高到2009年的17175元,农村居民人均纯收入从1978年的133.6元提高到2009年的5153元(图表9)。
 随着收入的增加,城乡居民家庭恩格尔系数显著下降。从1991年起,城乡居民家庭恩格尔系数均已小于60%,基本上摆脱了贫困,解决了温饱。2009年中国城镇居民家庭恩格尔系数为36.5%,比1978年的57.5%下降了21个百分点;农村居民家庭恩格尔系数为41.0%,比1978年的67.7%下降了26.7个百分点。城乡居民整体过上了温饱有余的生活,正向小康迈进(图表10);医疗保健、文教娱乐服务等发展和享受型消费的比重显著上升(图表11、图表12)。
 人民生活水平的提高,还体现为贫困人口的数量和比例大幅减少。改革开放后,中国实施扶贫开发战略,通过发展经济、专项扶贫、城乡统筹、社会参与等各项措施,实现了大规模减贫。农村绝对贫困人口从1978年的2.5亿人,减少到2007年的1479万人,贫困发生率从1978年的30.7%下降至2007年的1.6%。中国成为全球最早实现联合国千年发展目标减贫目标的国家。2008年,中国修订了贫困标准,将低收入人口纳入贫困人口统计,扶贫对象覆盖范围扩大。根据新标准,2009年中国农村贫困人口为3597万人,贫困发生率为3.8%(图表13)。
 3、劳动就业
 中国是人口和劳动力大国,实行劳动者自主择业、市场调节就业和政府促进就业的方针。政府采取积极的就业政策,努力为劳动者创造就业机会,就业规模不断扩大,就业结构逐步优化,失业率得到有效控制。
 (1)就业人口
 2009年末中国就业人员77995万人,比1978年的40152万人增长了94%。城镇就业增长更为迅速,2009年末城镇就业人员达31120万人,比1978年增长了2.27倍(图表14、图表15)。
 (2)国民经济不同部门就业情况
 随着中国产业结构的调整,第二、三产业就业人员迅速增加,第一产业就业人员减少,就业结构显著优化。2009年,从事第一产业的有29708万人,占38.1%;从事第二产业的有21684万人,占27.8%;从事第三产业的有26603万人,占34.1%。与1952年相比,第一产业下降了45.4 个百分点,第二、三产业分别上升20.4和25.0个百分点(图表16)。
 (3)失业率
 中国政府实施了包括税费减免、小额担保贷款、社会保险补贴、岗位补贴、培训补贴、就业服务和就业援助等一系列内容的积极就业政策,着力解决经济结构调整造成的大量下岗失业人员再就业问题。面对国际金融危机,中国政府还制定一系列政策解决大批返乡农民工和毕业大学生的就业问题,最大限度减少金融危机对就业的负面影响。2009年末城镇登记失业率为4.3%,仍处在较低的水平(图表17)。
 (4)劳动者参加工会的比例
 劳动者在中国享有参加工会的权利。劳动者参加工会的比例总体上呈逐年上升的趋势,从1990年起,几乎都在90%以上。2008年,中国共有2.12亿职工参加了工会组织,参加工会的比例为94.35%(图表18)。
 (四)社会和文化
 1、医疗卫生
 (1)主要传染疾病与人口十大死因
 新中国建国60年来,特别是改革开放以来,中国已在国家、省、市、县四级建立功能比较齐全的疾病预防控制和医疗卫生服务体系。历史上,传染病曾经严重威胁中国人民健康和生命安全,因传染病和寄生虫病死亡人数在上世纪50年代,曾居全国人口死因之首。经过多年的努力,截至2008年,传染病的发病率及病死率大幅下降,在中国人口十大死因中已下降至末位(图表19、图表20)。
 中国在发展中国家中还率先消灭了天花和脊髓灰质炎等重大传染病。中国政府认真总结了2003年抗击“非典”疫情的经验教训,分别于2004年和2009年成功控制了禽流感和甲型H1N1流感的传播。2008年四川汶川特大地震后实现大灾之后无大疫。
 中国正健全对艾滋病、结核病、血吸虫病、乙型肝炎等严重传染病的预防控制和医疗救治体系,对艾滋病、结核病、血吸虫病等重大传染病患者提供免费救治,专门成立国务院防治艾滋病工作委员会、防治经费逐年增加。
 (2)婴儿和孕产妇死亡率
 随着中国医疗卫生事业的进步,妇幼保健工作取得积极进展,婴儿和孕产妇死亡率持续显著下降。数据显示,婴儿死亡率从建国初期的200‰降至1991年的50.2‰,再降至2009年的13.8‰,新生儿死亡率从1991年的33.1‰下降到2009年的9.0‰,孕产妇死亡率从解放初期的1500/10万降至1991年的80/10万,再降至2009年的31.9/10万(图表21)。
 2、文化教育
 (1)识字率、入学率、升学率
 中国政府实施科教兴国战略,坚持优先发展教育。新中国建国60年来,中国基础教育普及率不断提高。早在2000年底,中国已基本普及九年义务教育,基本扫除青壮年文盲,提前实现联合国千年发展目标中普及初级教育的目标。文盲率由1964年的33.58%下降到2008年的6.67%。截至2008年底,农村和城市真正实现免费的义务教育。2009年学龄儿童小学净入学率达到99.4%,基本普及小学教育。小学升学率从1990年的74.6%上升到2009年的99.1%,初中升学率从1990年的40.6%上升到2009年的85.6%,高中升学率从1990年的27.3%上升到2008年的77.6%(图表22)。
 (2)学校生师比(学生与教师人数之比)
 经过多年的教育投入,中国各级学校中生师比已处于较为合理的水平。2009年,小学生师比平均为17.9,初中生师比为15.5,普通高中生师比为16.3,普通高校生师比为17.3(图表23)。
 3、社会保障
 长期以来,中国政府致力于建设一个与经济发展水平相适应的健全的社会保障制度。改革开放以来特别是上个世纪90年代以来,社会保障事业发展迅速,包括社会保险、社会救助和社会福利等内容的社会保障体系已基本形成。
 由城镇养老保险、失业保险、工伤保险、生育保险、城镇职工医疗保险和城镇居民基本医疗保险等组成的社会保险制度已建立并迅速发展。到2009年末,城镇养老保险参保人数达到23498万人,是1989年参保人数的约4.1倍(图表24)。失业、工伤、生育和城镇职工基本医疗保险参保人数分别达到12715万人、14861万人、10860万人和21961万人,分别是1994年参保人数的1.60倍、8.16倍、11.86倍和54.9倍(图表25)。在农村,社会养老保险制度正在积极探索,新型农村医疗改革试点也在加快推进。截至2009年底,2716个县(市、区)开展了新型农村合作医疗工作,参合率94.0%,覆盖8.3亿人(图表26)。
 此外,中国政府还建立了多项社会救助制度,如城乡最低生活保障等,使低收入居民生活得到保障。2009年末全国领取失业保险金人数为235万人。截至2009年底,有2345.6万城镇居民和4760万农村居民得到政府最低生活保障。
 二、宪法、政治制度和司法体制
 (一)宪法
 宪法》是中华人民共和国的根本大法。现行《中华人民共和国宪法》于1982年12月4日第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过,同日由全国人民代表大会公告公布施行,并根据1988年4月12日第七届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》、1993年3月29日第八届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》、1999年3月15日第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》和2004年3月14日第十届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》予以修正。
 宪法》规定中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。社会主义制度是中华人民共和国的根本制度。中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。国家机构实行民主集中制的原则。
 宪法》载入了《世界人权宣言》的精神,明确规定“国家尊重和保障人权”。《宪法》第二章“公民基本权利和义务”包括法律面前人人平等,选举权和被选举权,言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威、宗教信仰、通信、人身自由等公民权利和政治权利;劳动、休息、受教育、社会保障、文化活动等经济、社会及文化权利。《宪法》对保障妇女、老年人、未成年人、残疾人、少数民族、外国人等特殊群体的权利作了专门规定。
 (二)基本政治制度
 人民代表大会制度、中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度和民族区域自治制度是中华人民共和国的三大基本政治制度。
 1、人民代表大会制度
 人民代表大会制度是中国的根本政治制度。中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民,人民通过全国人大和地方各级人大行使国家权力,制定法律法规,决定国家和地方的重大事项。国家行政机关、审判机关、检察机关都由人民代表大会产生,对它负责,受它监督。人大代表由人民民主选举产生。凡年满18周岁的公民均享有选举权和被选举权。县乡两级人大代表由选民直选产生。多年来,全国参选率(注2:参加投票人数占选民总数的比例。) 一直都在90%以上。
 2、多党合作和政治协商制度
 中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度是中华人民共和国的政党制度。除中国共产党外,共有8个民主党派(中国国民党革命委员会、中国民主同盟、中国民主建国会、中国民主促进会、中国农工民主党、中国致公党、九三学社和台湾民主自治同盟),它们作为与执政党合作的参政党,参与国家事务的管理和法律法规的制定和执行。中国人民政治协商会议是中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商的重要形式。
 3、民族区域自治制度
 中国坚持各民族一律平等,实行民族区域自治制度,即在少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治,设立自治机关,行使自治权,包括立法权以及经济、教育、科学、文化、卫生等各领域的自主管理权。
 (三)国家机构
 中华人民共和国的国家机构包括:全国人民代表大会;中华人民共和国主席;中华人民共和国国务院;中华人民共和国中央军事委员会;地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府;民族自治地方的自治机关;人民法院和人民检察院。
 1、全国人民代表大会
 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会是最高国家权力机关,每届任期五年,大会会议每年举行一次。它的常设机关是全国人民代表大会常务委员会。全国人大及其常委会行使国家立法权。
 全国人大行使下列职权:修改宪法;监督宪法的实施;制定和修改法律;选举或罢免中华人民共和国主席、副主席、中央军事委员会主席、最高人民法院院长、最高人民检察院检察长;任命或罢免国务院总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长等。
 全国人大常委会在全国人大闭会期间根据宪法规定行使职权,包括:解释宪法,监督宪法的实施;制定和修改除应当由全国人大制定的法律以外的其他法律;监督国务院、中央军事委员会、最高人民法院和最高人民检察院的工作等。
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