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| Opinions of the Supreme People's Court on Fully Maximizing the Functions of Trials and Effectively Strengthening the Judicial Protection of Property Rights | | 最高人民法院关于充分发挥审判职能作用切实加强产权司法保护的意见 |
| (No. 27 [2016] of the Supreme People's Court) | | （法发〔2016〕27号） |
The property rights system is a cornerstone of the socialist market economy and the protection of property rights is the inevitable requirement for insisting on the basic socialist economic system. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (“CPC”), the CPC Central Committee, with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, has attached great importance to the protection of property rights. As specified by the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Plenary Sessions of the 18th CPC Central Committee, in the protection of the property rights and lawful interests of the economies of all kinds of ownerships by the state, attention shall be attached to the improvement in the property rights protection system with fairness as the core principle and the lawful protection of property rights shall be promoted. On November 4, 2016, by issuing the Opinions on Improving the Property Rights Protection System and Lawfully Protecting Property Rights | | 产权制度是社会主义市场经济的基石，保护产权是坚持社会主义基本经济制度的必然要求。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视产权保护工作。党的十八届三中、四中、五中全会明确提出，国家保护各种所有制经济产权和合法利益，强调要健全以公平为核心原则的产权保护制度，推进产权保护法治化。2016年11月4日，中共中央、国务院印发《关于完善产权保护制度依法保护产权的意见》，对完善产权保护制度、推进产权保护法治化有关工作进行了全面部署。为充分发挥审判职能作用，切实加强产权司法保护，增强人民群众财产财富安全感，促进经济社会持续健康发展，制定如下意见。 |
| I. Insisting on the basic principles for the judicial protection of property rights | | 一、坚持产权司法保护的基本原则 |
| 1. Insisting on equal protection. Equal rights, equal opportunities, and equal rules for economies of all kinds of ownerships shall be insisted on, various property right owners shall be treated equally in terms of litigation status and application of law, and the property rights of public economy and non-public economy shall be ensured to be inviolable. Importance shall be attached to the equal protection of non-public property rights. All kinds of foreign-related cases shall be properly heard, and the procedural rights and substantial interests of Chinese and foreign parties shall be protected equally. | | 1.坚持平等保护。坚持各种所有制经济权利平等、机会平等、规则平等，对各类产权主体的诉讼地位和法律适用一视同仁，确保公有制经济和非公有制经济财产权不可侵犯。注重对非公有制产权的平等保护。妥善审理各类涉外案件，平等保护中外当事人的诉讼权利和实体权益。 |
| 2. Insisting on comprehensive protection. The property rights, creditor's rights, and equity shall be protected, and the intellectual property rights and other various intangible property rights shall also be protected. Through criminal, civil, administrative and other various trial and implementation activities, the ownership of the property rights shall be clarified according to the law, and various illegal and criminal acts infringing upon property rights, especially illegal and criminal acts infringing upon private property rights by making use of public power, shall be cracked down on. | | 2.坚持全面保护。既要保护物权、债权、股权，也要保护知识产权及其他各种无形财产权。通过刑事、民事、行政等各种审判及执行活动，依法明确产权归属，制裁各类侵犯产权的违法犯罪行为，特别是利用公权力侵犯私有产权的违法犯罪行为。 |
| 3. Insisting on legal protection. In consideration of the economic development situation and policies at each period, the legislative spirit shall be accurately understood, impartial justice shall be implemented strictly, and various cases involving the protection of property rights shall be appropriately handled. In consideration of the trial of cases and judicial research, the continuous improvement in the legal system of the socialist market economy shall be promoted, and the improvement of the property rights protection system shall be promoted. | | 3.坚持依法保护。结合各个时期经济发展的形势和政策，准确把握立法精神，严格公正司法，妥善处理涉及产权保护的各类案件。结合案件审判和司法调研，促进社会主义市场经济法律制度不断健全，推动完善产权保护制度。 |
| II. Accurately understanding and strictly implementing the judicial policies for the protection of property rights | | 二、准确把握、严格执行产权保护的司法政策 |
| 4. Various crimes infringing upon the property rights shall be punished according to the law and the property rights of economies of all kinds of ownerships shall be equally protected. Crimes of misappropriating, carving up, and cheaply selling state-owned and collective assets shall be punished according to the law, and the continuous improvement in the asset supervision and administration rules shall be promoted. The efforts of protecting non-public property through the Criminal Law shall be increased and crimes of infringing upon the property right of non-public enterprises and the property right and interests of investors, managers, and practicing personnel of non-public economy shall be punished according to the law. Both public property and private property illegally occupied, handled, and destroyed shall be recovered in a timely manner and returned to the victim, or compensation shall be ordered to be made. | | 4.依法惩治各类侵犯产权犯罪，平等保护各种所有制经济产权。依法惩治侵吞、瓜分、贱卖国有、集体资产的犯罪，促进资产监督管理制度不断健全。加大对非公有财产的刑法保护力度，依法惩治侵犯非公有制企业产权以及侵犯非公有制经济投资者、管理者、从业人员财产权益的犯罪。对非法占有、处置、毁坏财产的，不论是公有财产还是私有财产，均依法及时追缴发还被害人，或者责令退赔。 |
5. Unregulated business operation of enterprises shall be objectively treated and those in lack of conviction basis shall be acquitted according to the law. Problems that have been triggered by the unregulated business operation of various enterprises, especially private enterprises, since the reform and opening-up, shall be treated from the perspective of history and development strictly under the principles of legally prescribed punishments for specified crimes, no punishment in doubtful cases, and following the former provisions and imposing lighter punishment, among others, and shall be handled impartially according to the law. Those who have violated laws and regulations but have not constituted any crime or those with unclear crime and non-crime shall be acquitted. Those who have economic behavior in production, business operation, financing, and other activities shall not be punished for any crime, except there are otherwise specific prohibitions in laws and administrative regulations.
．．．．．． | | 5.客观看待企业经营的不规范问题，对定罪依据不足的依法宣告无罪。对改革开放以来各类企业特别是民营企业因经营不规范所引发的问题，要以历史和发展的眼光客观看待，严格遵循罪刑法定、疑罪从无、从旧兼从轻等原则，依法公正处理。对虽属违法违规、但不构成犯罪，或者罪与非罪不清的，应当宣告无罪。对在生产、经营、融资等活动中的经济行为，除法律、行政法规明确禁止的，不得以犯罪论处。
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