| COMMERCIAL PRESS CO., LTD. V. SINOLINGUA CO., LTD. | | “新华字典”侵害商标权及不正当竞争纠纷案 |
| ——Standard of protection for a product name as an unregistered well-known trademark | | ——商品名称作为未注册驰名商标保护的司法标准 |
| [Key points] | | 【裁判要旨】 |
| Distinctiveness is the fundamental feature of a trademark and the basic attribute that makes a name or eligible for trademark registration. Only when a mark or a name is of sufficiently distinctive character can it be used to identify and distinguish the source of goods, and hence only such a mark or name can be protected under the Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China. Even if the name or mark is not registered under the Trademark Law, if the name or mark becomes sufficiently well known among a relevant public, it may acquire protection as an unregistered well-known trademark. | | 显著性是商标的基本特征，是一个标志可以作为商标的基本属性。只有具有显著特征的标识才能发挥区别商品来源的作用，进而可以作为商标注册或保护。商品名称只有在具备显著性的情况下，才能够发挥识别商品来源的作用，同时，在达到驰名商标的程度时，可以获得未注册驰名商标的保护。“新华字典”具有特定的历史起源、发展过程和长期唯一的提供主体以及客观的市场格局，保持着产品和品牌混合属性的商品名称，已经在相关消费者中形成了稳定的认知联系，具有指示商品来源的意义和作用，具备商标的显著特征。从商务印书馆对“新华字典”进行宣传所持续的时间、程度和地理范围来看，“新华字典”已经获得较大的影响力和较高的知名度。综合以上因素，可以认定“新华字典”构成未注册驰名商标。 |
| [Number] | | 【案号】 |
| (2016) J 73 MC No. 277, Beijing, Intellectual Property Court | | 北京知识产权法院（2016）京73民初277号 |
[Cause of action] | | 【案由】 |
Disputes over infringement of trademarks and unfair competition | | 侵害商标权及不正当竞争纠纷 |
| [Collegial panel members] | | 【合议庭成员】 |
| Zhang Lingling | Feng Gang | Yang Jie | | 张玲玲|冯刚|杨洁 |
| [Keywords] | | 【关键词】 |
| dissemination of knowledge, trademark, unfair competition, unregistered well- known trademark | | 商标，未注册驰名商标，不正当竞争，知识传播 |
| [Relevant legal provisions] | | 【相关法条】 |
| Law of the People's Republic of China against Unfair Competition (as published in 1993), articles 5(2) and 20(1) | | 《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》第十五条《中华人民共和国商标法》第十三条、第十四条 |
Tort Law of the People's Republic of China, article 15
Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China (as amended in 2013), articles 13 and 14 | | 《中华人民共和国反不正当竞争法》第五条第（二）项、第二十条第一款 |
| [Basic facts] | | 【基本案情】 |
| Both the claimant, Commercial Press Co., Ltd. (hereinafter “Commercial Press”) and the defendant, Sinolingua Co., Ltd. (hereinafter “Sinolingua”), are publishing agencies. Since 1957, Commercial Press has continuously published the popular version of the Xinhua Dictionary, in its 11th edition at the time of the case; in 2010–15, Commercial Press's average market share of the dictionary market exceeded 50 percent and, as of 2016, the global distribution of the Xinhua Dictionary exceeded 567 million, for which Guinness World Records lists it as both the “Most Popular Dictionary” and the “Bestselling Book (as revised on a regular basis)”, among other honors. | | 原告商务印书馆有限公司（以下简称务印书馆）与被告华语教学出版社有限责任公司（以下简称华语出版社）同为出版机构。原告商务印书馆自1957年至今，连续出版《新华字典》通行版本至第11版，2010～2015年，原告商务印书馆出版的《新华字典》在字典类图书市场的平均占有率超过50%，截至2016年，原告商务印书馆出版的《新华字典》全球发行量超过5.67亿册，获得“最受欢迎的字典”吉尼斯世界纪录及“最畅销的书（定期修订）”吉尼斯世界纪录等多项荣誉。 |
| Commercial Press alleged that the acts of Sinolingua in producing and selling its own “Xinhua Dictionary” infringed the unregistered well-known trademark“Xinhua Dictionary” and that Sinolingua's uses of the “special decoration” of the famous product Xinhua Dictionary (11th edn, Commercial Press) constituted unfair competition. Commercial Press asked the Beijing Intellectual Property Court to order Sinolingua to: | | 原告商务印书馆诉称被告华语出版社生产、销售“新华字典”辞书的行为侵害了原告商务印书馆“新华字典”未注册驰名商标，且被告华语出版社使用原告商务印书馆《新华字典》（第11版）知名商品的特有包装装潢的行为已构成不正当竞争。请求法院判令被告： |
| (a) immediately stop its infringement of Commercial Press's trademark rights and its acts of unfair competition; | | 1.立即停止侵害商标权及不正当竞争行为； |
| (b) publish statements in the relevant media, including the China Press and Publication TV Broadcast Newspaper, to mitigate the negative effects arising from the infringement; and | | 2.在《中国新闻出版广电报》等相关媒体上刊登声明，消除影响； |
| (c) pay Commercial Press damages for economic losses in the amount of RMB3 million, and for reasonable costs and expenses in the amount of RMB400,000. | | 3.赔偿原告经济损失300万元及合理支出40万元。 |
| Sinolingua argued that it had based its product name “Xinhua Dictionary” on the name of a national project that had evolved to become the common name of a dictionary in the public domain and that Commercial Press could not assert rights in the unregistered trademark “Xinhua Dictionary” or to prohibit others from using it appropriately. Sinolingua argued that the design of the Xinhua Dictionary (11th edn, Commercial Press) did not count as “special decoration” under article 5(2) of the Law of the People's Republic of China against Unfair Competition and that its use of the design would not cause confusion or misunderstanding on the part of the relevant buying public. Sinolingua argued that, by filing a lawsuit aiming to control the common name of the dictionary (that is, “Xinhua Dictionary”), Commercial Press was improperly aiming to eliminate its competition and achieve a monopoly in the dictionary market. | | 被告华语出版社辩称，“新华字典”由国家项目名称发展为公共领域的辞书通用名称，原告无权就“新华字典”主张商标权益，无权禁止他人正当使用。涉案《新华字典》（第11版）的装潢不属于《中华人民共和国反不正当竞争法》第五条第（二）项规定的“特有装潢”，不会使购买者产生混淆或误认。原告提起诉讼旨在通过司法判决的方式独占“新华字典”这一辞书通用名称，具有排除竞争、实现垄断辞书类市场的不正当目的。 |
The Beijing Intellectual Property Court held that the name “Xinhua Dictionary” has the distinctive features of a trademark and that, upon its use by Commercial Press, it became a well- known trademark and now constitutes an unregistered well-known trademark. Sinolingua's reproduction and imitation of that unregistered well-known trademark consequently constituted infringement. The design of Xinhua Dictionary (11th edn, Commercial Press) fell under provisions protecting the special packaging and decoration of famous products, and hence Sinolingua's use of that special decoration without consent was found to constitute unfair competition. The first-instance court therefore ruled that Sinolingua was to:
．．．．．． | | 北京知识产权法院认为，“新华字典”具备商标的显著特征，且经过原告商务印书馆的使用已经达到驰名商标的程度，构成未注册驰名商标，被告华语出版社复制、摹仿原告商务印书馆的未注册驰名商标“新华字典”的行为，容易导致混淆，构成商标侵权。原告商务印书馆出版的《新华字典》（第11版）构成知名商品的特有包装装潢，被告华语出版社擅自使用《新华字典》（第11版）知名商品的特有装潢的行为构成不正当竞争。一审法院判决：
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