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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [Effective]
联合国气候变化框架公约 [现行有效]
【法宝引证码】

 
The Parties to this Convention, 本公约各缔约方,

Acknowledging that change in the Earth's climate and its adverse effects are a common concern of humankind,
 
承认地球气候的变化及其不利影响是人类共同关心的问题,

Concerned that human activities have been substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, that these increases enhance the natural greenhouse effect, and that this will result on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface and atmosphere and may adversely affect natural ecosystems and humankind,
 
感到忧虑的是,人类活动已大幅增加大气中温室气体的浓度,这种增加增强了自然温室效应,平均而言将引起地球表面和大气进一步增温,并可能对自然生态系统和人类产生不利影响,

Noting that the largest share of historical and current global emissions of greenhouse gases has originated in developed countries, that per capita emissions in developing countries are still relatively low and that the share of global emissions originating in developing countries will grow to meet their social and development needs,
 
注意到历史上和目前全球温室气体排放的最大部分源自发达国家;发展中国家的人均排放仍相对较低;发展中国家在全球排放中所占的份额将会增加,以满足其社会和发展需要,意识到陆地和海洋生态系统中温室气体汇和库的作用和重要性,

Aware of the role and importance in terrestrial and marine ecosystems of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases,
 
注意到在气候变化的预测中,特别是在其时间、幅度和区域格局方面,有许多不确定性,

Noting that there are many uncertainties in predictions of climate change, particularly with regard to the timing, magnitude and regional patterns thereof,
 
承认气候变化的全球性要求所有国家根据其共同但有区别的责任和各自的能力及其社会和经济条件,尽可能开展最广泛的合作,并参与有效和适当的国际应对行动,

Acknowledging that the global nature of climate change calls for the widest possible cooperation by all countries and their participation in an effective and appropriate international response, in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities and their social and economic conditions,
 
回顾1972 年6 月16 日于斯德哥尔摩通过的《联合国人类环境会议宣言》的有关规定,

Recalling the pertinent provisions of the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, adopted at Stockholm on 16 June 1972,
 
又回顾各国根据《联合国宪章》和国际法原则,拥有主权权利按自己的环境和发展政策开发自己的资源,也有责任确保在其管辖或控制范围内的活动不对其他国家的环境或国家管辖范围以外地区的环境造成损害,

Recalling also that States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction,
 
重申在应付气候变化的国际合作中的国家主权原则,

Reaffirming the principle of sovereignty of States in international cooperation to address climate change,
 
认识到各国应当制定有效的立法;各种环境方面的标准、管理目标和优先顺序应当反映其所适用的环境和发展方面情况;并且有些国家所实行的标准对其他国家特别是发展中国家可能是不恰当的,并可能会使之承担不应有的经济和社会代价,

Recognizing that States should enact effective environmental legislation, that environmental standards, management objectives and priorities should reflect the environmental and developmental context to which they apply, and that standards applied by some countries may be inappropriate and of unwarranted economic and social cost to other countries, in particular developing countries,
 
回顾联合国大会关于联合国环境与发展会议的1989 年12 月22 日第44/228 号决议的规定,以及关于为人类当代和后代保护全球气候的1988 年12 月6 日第43/53号、1989 年12 月22 日第44/207 号、1990 年12 月21 日第45/212 号和1991 年12月19 日第46/169 号决议,

Recalling the provisions of General Assembly resolution 44/228 of 22 December 1989 on the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, and resolutions 43/53 of 6 December 1988, 44/207 of 22 December 1989, 45/212 of 21 December 1990 and 46/169 of 19 December 1991 on protection of global climate for present and future generations of mankind,
 
又回顾联合国大会关于海平面上升对岛屿和沿海地区特别是低洼沿海地区可能产生的不利影响的1989 年12 月22 日第44/206 号决议各项规定,以及联合国大会关于防治沙漠化行动计划实施情况的1989 年12 月19 日第44/172 号决议的有关规定,

Recalling also the provisions of General Assembly resolution 44/206 of 22 December 1989 on the possible adverse effects of sea-level rise on islands and coastal areas, particularly low-lying coastal areas and the pertinent provisions of General Assembly resolution 44/172 of 19 December 1989 on the implementation of the Plan of Action to Combat Desertification,
 
并回顾1985 年《保护臭氧层维也纳公约》和于1990 年6 月29 日调整和修正的1987 年《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》,

Recalling further the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985, and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987, as adjusted and amended on 29 June 1990,
 
注意到1990 年11 月7 日通过的第二次世界气候大会部长宣言,

Noting the Ministerial Declaration of the Second World Climate Conference adopted on 7 November 1990,
 
意识到许多国家就气候变化所进行的有价值的分析工作,以及世界气象组织、联合国环境规划署和联合国系统的其他机关、组织和机构及其他国际和政府间机构对交换科学研究成果和协调研究工作所作的重要贡献,

Conscious of the valuable analytical work being conducted by many States on climate change and of the important contributions of the World Meteorological Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme and other organs, organizations and bodies of the United Nations system, as well as other international and intergovernmental bodies, to the exchange of results of scientific research and the coordination of research,
 
认识到了解和应付气候变化所需的步骤只有基于有关的科学、技术和经济方面的考虑,并根据这些领域的新发现不断加以重新评价,才能在环境、社会和经济方面最为有效,

Recognizing that steps required to understand and address climate change will be environmentally, socially and economically most effective if they are based on relevant scientific, technical and economic considerations and continually re-evaluated in the light of new findings in these areas,
 
认识到应付气候变化的各种行动本身在经济上就能够是合理的,而且还能有助于解决其他环境问题,

Recognizing that various actions to address climate change can be justified economically in their own right and can also help in solving other environmental problems,
 
又认识到发达国家有必要根据明确的优先顺序,立即灵活地采取行动,以作为形成考虑到所有温室气体并适当考虑它们对增强温室效应的相对作用的全球、国家和可能议定的区域性综合应对战略的第一步,

Recognizing also the need for developed countries to take immediate action in a flexible manner on the basis of clear priorities, as a first step towards comprehensive response strategies at the global, national and, where agreed, regional levels that take into account all greenhouse gases, with due consideration of their relative contributions to the enhancement of the greenhouse effect,
 
并认识到地势低洼国家和其他小岛屿国家、拥有低洼沿海地区、干旱和半干旱地区或易受水灾、旱灾和沙漠化影响地区的国家以及具有脆弱的山区生态系统的发展中国家特别容易受到气候变化的不利影响,

Recognizing further that low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change,
 
认识到其经济特别依赖于矿物燃料的生产、使用和出口的国家特别是发展中国家由于为了限制温室气体排放而采取的行动所面临的特殊困难,

Recognizing the special difficulties of those countries, especially developing countries, whose economies are particularly dependent on fossil fuel production, use and exportation, as a consequence of action taken on limiting greenhouse gas emissions,
 
申明应当以统筹兼顾的方式把应付气候变化的行动与社会和经济发展协调起来,以免后者受到不利影响,同时充分考虑到发展中国家实现持续经济增长和消除贫困的正当的优先需要,

Affirming that responses to climate change should be coordinated with social and economic development in an integrated manner with a view to avoiding adverse impacts on the latter, taking into full account the legitimate priority needs of developing countries for the achievement of sustained economic growth and the eradication of poverty,
 
认识到所有国家特别是发展中国家需要得到实现可持续的社会和经济发展所需的资源;发展中国家为了迈向这一目标,其能源消耗将需要增加,虽然考虑到有可能包括通过在具有经济和社会效益的条件下应用新技术来提高能源效率和一般地控制温室气体排放,

Recognizing that all countries, especially developing countries, need access to resources required to achieve sustainable social and economic development and that, in order for developing countries to progress towards that goal, their energy consumption will need to grow taking into account the possibilities for achieving greater energy efficiency and for controlling greenhouse gas emissions in general, including through the application of new technologies on terms which make such an application economically and socially beneficial,
 
决心为当代和后代保护气候系统,

Determined to protect the climate system for present and future generations,
 
兹协议如下:

Have agreed as follows:
 

 第一条
Article 1 
定 义*

DEFINITIONS*
 
为本公约的目的:

* Titles of articles are included solely to assist the reader.
 
1. “气候变化的不利影响”指气候变化所造成的自然环境或生物区系的变化,

For the purposes of this Convention:
 
这些变化对自然的和管理下的生态系统的组成、复原力或生产力、或对社会经济系统的运作、或对人类的健康和福利产生重大的有害影响。

1. "Adverse effects of climate change" means changes in the physical environment or biota resulting from climate change which have significant deleterious effects on the composition, resilience or productivity of natural and managed ecosystems or on the operation of socio-economic systems or on human health and welfare.
 
2. “气候变化”指除在类似时期内所观测的气候的自然变异之外,由于直接或间接的人类活动改变了地球大气的组成而造成的气候变化。

2. "Climate change" means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
 
3. “气候系统”指大气圈、水圈、生物圈和地圈的整体及其相互作用。

3. "Climate system" means the totality of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphere and their interactions.
 
4. “排放”指温室气体和/或其前体在一个特定地区和时期内向大气的释放。

4. "Emissions" means the release of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and period of time.
 
5. “温室气体”指大气中那些吸收和重新放出红外辐射的自然的和人为的气态成分。

5. "Greenhouse gases" means those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation.
 
6. “区域经济一体化组织”指一个特定区域的主权国家组成的组织,有权处理本公约或其议定书所规定的事项,并经按其内部程序获得正式授权签署、批准、接受、核准或加入有关文书。

6. "Regional economic integration organization" means an organization constituted by sovereign States of a given region which has competence in respect of matters governed by this Convention or its protocols and has been duly authorized, in accordance with its internal procedures, to sign, ratify, accept, approve or accede to the instruments concerned.
 
7. “库”指气候系统内存储温室气体或其前体的一个或多个组成部分。

7. "Reservoir" means a component or components of the climate system where a greenhouse gas or a precursor of a greenhouse gas is stored.
 
8. “汇”指从大气中清除温室气体、气溶胶或温室气体前体的任何过程、活动或机制。

8. "Sink" means any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere.
 
* 各条加上标题纯粹是为了对读者有所帮助。

9. "Source" means any process or activity which releases a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere.
 
9. “源”指向大气排放温室气体、气溶胶或温室气体前体的任何过程或活动。

 
Article 2 第二条

OBJECTIVE
 
目 标

The ultimate objective of this Convention and any related legal instruments that the Conference of the Parties may adopt is to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.
 
本公约以及缔约方会议可能通过的任何相关法律文书的最终目标是:根据本公约的各项有关规定,将大气中温室气体的浓度稳定在防止气候系统受到危险的人为干扰的水平上。这一水平应当在足以使生态系统能够自然地适应气候变化、确保粮食生产免受威胁并使经济发展能够可持续地进行的时间范围内实现。

 
Article 3 第三条

PRINCIPLES
 
原 则

In their actions to achieve the objective of the Convention and to implement its provisions, the Parties shall be guided, inter alia, by the following:
 
各缔约方在为实现本公约的目标和履行其各项规定而采取行动时,除其他外,应以下列作为指导:

1. The Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Accordingly, the developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof.
 
1. 各缔约方应当在公平的基础上,并根据它们共同但有区别的责任和各自的能力,为人类当代和后代的利益保护气候系统。因此,发达国家缔约方应当率先对付气候变化及其不利影响。

2. The specific needs and special circumstances of developing country Parties, especially those that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, and of those Parties, especially developing country Parties, that would have to bear a disproportionate or abnormal burden under the Convention, should be given full consideration.
 
2. 应当充分考虑到发展中国家缔约方尤其是特别易受气候变化不利影响的那些发展中国家缔约方的具体需要和特殊情况,也应当充分考虑到那些按本公约必须承担不成比例或不正常负担的缔约方特别是发展中国家缔约方的具体需要和特殊情况。

3. The Parties should take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing such measures, taking into account that policies and measures to deal with climate change should be cost-effective so as to ensure global benefits at the lowest possible cost. To achieve this, such policies and measures should take into account different socio-economic contexts, be comprehensive, cover all relevant sources, sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases and adaptation, and comprise all economic sectors. Efforts to address climate change may be carried out cooperatively by interested Parties.
 
3. 各缔约方应当采取预防措施,预测、防止或尽量减少引起气候变化的原因,并缓解其不利影响。当存在造成严重或不可逆转的损害的威胁时,不应当以科学上没有完全的确定性为理由推迟采取这类措施,同时考虑到应付气候变化的政策和措施应当讲求成本效益,确保以尽可能最低的费用获得全球效益。为此,这种政策和措施应当考虑到不同的社会经济情况,并且应当具有全面性,包括所有有关的温室气体源、汇和库及适应措施,并涵盖所有经济部门。应付气候变化的努力可由有关的缔约方合作进行。

4. The Parties have a right to, and should, promote sustainable development. Policies and measures to protect the climate system against human-induced change should be appropriate for the specific conditions of each Party and should be integrated with national development programmes, taking into account that economic development is essential for adopting measures to address climate change.
 
4. 各缔约方有权并且应当促进可持续的发展。保护气候系统免遭人为变化的政策和措施应当适合每个缔约方的具体情况,并应当结合到国家的发展计划中去,同时考虑到经济发展对于采取措施应付气候变化是至关重要的。

5. The Parties should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international economic system that would lead to sustainable economic growth and development in all Parties, particularly developing country Parties, thus enabling them better to address the problems of climate change. Measures taken to combat climate change, including unilateral ones, should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade.
 
5. 各缔约方应当合作促进有利的和开放的国际经济体系,这种体系将促成所有缔约方特别是发展中国家缔约方的可持续经济增长和发展,从而使它们有能力更好地应付气候变化的问题。为对付气候变化而采取的措施,包括单方面措施,不应当成为国际贸易上的任意或无理的歧视手段或者隐蔽的限制。

 
Article 4 第四条

COMMITMENTS
 
承 诺

1. All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, shall:
 
1. 所有缔约方,考虑到它们共同但有区别的责任,以及各自具体的国家和区域发展优先顺序、目标和情况,应:

(a) Develop, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of the Parties, in accordance with Article 12, national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties;
 
(a) 用待由缔约方会议议定的可比方法编制、定期更新、公布并按照第十二条向缔约方会议提供关于《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的所有温室气体的各种源的人为排放和各种汇的清除的国家清单;

(b) Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate, regional programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change by addressing anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change;
 
(b) 制订、执行、公布和经常地更新国家的以及在适当情况下区域的计划,其中包含从《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的所有温室气体的源的人为排放和汇的清除来着手减缓气候变化的措施,以及便利充分地适应气候变化的措施;

(c) Promote and cooperate in the development, application and diffusion, including transfer, of technologies, practices and processes that control, reduce or prevent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in all relevant sectors, including the energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management sectors;
 
(c) 在所有有关部门,包括能源、运输、工业、农业、林业和废物管理部门,促进和合作发展、应用和传播(包括转让)各种用来控制、减少或防止《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体的人为排放的技术、做法和过程;

(d) Promote sustainable management, and promote and cooperate in the conservation and enhancement, as appropriate, of sinks and reservoirs of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, including biomass, forests and oceans as well as other terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems;
 
(d) 促进可持续地管理,并促进和合作酌情维护和加强《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的所有温室气体的汇和库、包括生物质、森林和海洋以及其它陆地、沿海和海洋生态系统;

(e) Cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change; develop and elaborate appropriate and integrated plans for coastal zone management, water resources and agriculture, and for the protection and rehabilitation of areas, particularly in Africa, affected by drought and desertification, as well as floods;
 
(e) 合作为适应气候变化的影响做好准备;拟订和详细制定关于沿海地区的管理、水资源和农业以及关于受到旱灾和沙漠化及洪水影响的地区特别是非洲的这种地区的保护和恢复的适当的综合性计划;

(f) Take climate change considerations into account, to the extent feasible, in their relevant social, economic and environmental policies and actions, and employ appropriate methods, for example impact assessments, formulated and determined nationally, with a view to minimizing adverse effects on the economy, on public health and on the quality of the environment, of projects or measures undertaken by them to mitigate or adapt to climate change;
 
(f) 在它们有关的社会、经济和环境政策及行动中,在可行的范围内将气候变化考虑进去,并采用由本国拟订和确定的适当办法,例如进行影响评估,以期尽量减少它们为了减缓或适应气候变化而进行的项目或采取的措施对经济、公共健康和环境质量产生的不利影响;

(g) Promote and cooperate in scientific, technological, technical, socio-economic and other research, systematic observation and development of data archives related to the climate system and intended to further the understanding and to reduce or eliminate the remaining uncertainties regarding the causes, effects, magnitude and timing of climate change and the economic and social consequences of various response strategies;
 
(g) 促进和合作进行关于气候系统的科学、技术、工艺、社会经济和其他研究、系统观测及开发数据档案,目的是增进对气候变化的起因、影响、规模和发生时间以及各种应对战略所带来的经济和社会后果的认识,和减少或消除在这些方面尚存的不确定性;

(h) Promote and cooperate in the full, open and prompt exchange of relevant scientific, technological, technical, socio-economic and legal information related to the climate system and climate change, and to the economic and social consequences of various response strategies;
 
(h) 促进和合作进行关于气候系统和气候变化以及关于各种应对战略所带来的经济和社会后果的科学、技术、工艺、社会经济和法律方面的有关信息的充分、公开和迅速的交流;

(i) Promote and cooperate in education, training and public awareness related to climate change and encourage the widest participation in this process, including that of non-governmental organizations; and
 
(i) 促进和合作进行与气候变化有关的教育、培训和提高公众意识的工作,并鼓励人们对这个过程最广泛参与,包括鼓励各种非政府组织的参与;

(j) Communicate to the Conference of the Parties information related to implementation, in accordance with Article 12.
 
(j) 依照第十二条向缔约方会议提供有关履行的信息。

2. The developed country Parties and other Parties included in Annex I commit themselves specifically as provided for in the following:
 
2. 附件一所列的发达国家缔约方和其他缔约方具体承诺如下所规定:

(a) Each of these Parties shall adopt national1 policies and take corresponding measures on the mitigation of climate change, by limiting its anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and protecting and enhancing its greenhouse gas sinks and reservoirs. These policies and measures will demonstrate that developed countries are taking the lead in modifying longer-term trends in anthropogenic emissions consistent with the objective of the Convention, recognizing that the return by the end of the present decade to earlier levels of anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol would contribute to such modification, and taking into account the differences in these Parties' starting points and approaches, economic structures and resource bases, the need to maintain strong and sustainable economic growth, available technologies and other individual circumstances, as well as the need for equitable and appropriate contributions by each of these Parties to the global effort regarding that objective. These Parties may implement such policies and measures jointly with other Parties and may assist other Parties in contributing to the achievement of the objective of the Convention and, in particular, that of this subparagraph;
 
(a) 每一个此类缔约方应制定国家 1 政策和采取相应的措施,通过限制其人为的温室气体排放以及保护和增强其温室气体库和汇,减缓气候变化。这些政策和措施将表明,发达国家是在带头依循本公约的目标,改变人为排放的长期趋势,同时认识到至本十年末使二氧化碳和《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的其他温室气体的人为排放回复到较早的水平,将会有助于这种改变,并考虑到这些缔约方的起点和做法、经济结构和资源基础方面的差别、维持强有力和可持续经济增长的需要、可以采用的技术以及其他个别情况,又考虑到每一个此类缔约方都有必要对为了实现该目标而作的全球努力作出公平和适当的贡献。这些缔约方可以同其他缔约方共同执行这些政策和措施,也可以协助其他缔约方为实现本公约的目标特别是本项的目标作出贡献;

1 This includes policies and measures adopted by regional economic integration organizations.
 
(b) 为了推动朝这一目标取得进展,每一个此类缔约方应依照第十二条,在本公约对其生效后六个月内,并在其后定期地就其上述(a)项所述的政策和措施,以及

(b) In order to promote progress to this end, each of these Parties shall communicate, within six months of the entry into force of the Convention for it and periodically thereafter, and in accordance with Article 12, detailed information on its policies and measures referred to in subparagraph (a) above, as well as on its resulting projected anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol for the period referred to in subparagraph (a), with the aim of returning individually or jointly to their 1990 levels these anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. This information will be reviewed by the Conference of the Parties, at its first session and periodically thereafter, in accordance with Article 7;
 
1 其中包括区域经济一体化组织制定的政策和采取的措施。

(c) Calculations of emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases for the purposes of subparagraph (b) above should take into account the best available scientific knowledge, including of the effective capacity of sinks and the respective contributions of such gases to climate change. The Conference of the Parties shall consider and agree on methodologies for these calculations at its first session and review them regularly thereafter;
 
就其由此预测在(a)项所述期间内《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体的源的人为排放和汇的清除,提供详细信息,目的在个别地或共同地使二氧化碳和《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的其他温室气体的人为排放回复到1990 年的水平。按照第七条,这些信息将由缔约方会议在其第一届会议上以及在其后定期地加以审评;

(d) The Conference of the Parties shall, at its first session, review the adequacy of subparagraphs (a) and (b) above. Such review shall be carried out in the light of the best available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, as well as relevant technical, social and economic information. Based on this review, the Conference of the Parties shall take appropriate action, which may include the adoption of amendments to the commitments in subparagraphs (a) and (b) above. The Conference of the Parties, at its first session, shall also take decisions regarding criteria for joint implementation as indicated in subparagraph (a) above. A second review of subparagraphs (a) and (b) shall take place not later than 31 December 1998, and thereafter at regular intervals determined by the Conference of the Parties, until the objective of the Convention is met;
 
(c) 为了上述(b)项的目的而计算各种温室气体源的排放和汇的清除时,应该参考可以得到的最佳科学知识,包括关于各种汇的有效容量和每一种温室气体在引起气候变化方面的作用的知识。缔约方会议应在其第一届会议上考虑和议定进行这些计算的方法,并在其后经常地加以审评;

(e) Each of these Parties shall:
 
(d) 缔约方会议应在其第一届会议上审评上述(a)项和(b)项是否充足。进行审评时应参照可以得到的关于气候变化及其影响的最佳科学信息和评估,以及有关的工艺、社会和经济信息。在审评的基础上,缔约方会议应采取适当的行动,其中可以包括通过对上述(a)项和(b)项承诺的修正。缔约方会议第一届会议还应就上述(a)项所述共同执行的标准作出决定。对(a)项和(b)项的第二次审评应不迟于1998 年12 月31 日进行,其后按由缔约方会议确定的定期间隔进行,直至本公约的目标达到为止;

(i) coordinate as appropriate with other such Parties, relevant economic and administrative instruments developed to achieve the objective of the Convention; and
 
(e) 每一个此类缔约方应:

(ii) identify and periodically review its own policies and practices which encourage activities that lead to greater levels of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol than would otherwise occur;
......
 
(一) 酌情同其他此类缔约方协调为了实现本公约的目标而开发的有关经济和行政手段;和
......

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