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ACE European Group Limited v. Lianyungang Cosfar Shipping International Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Cosfar Shipping International Co., Ltd. (dispute over voyage charter contract)
艾斯欧洲集团有限公司与连云港明日国际海运有限公司、上海明日国际船务有限公司航次租船合同纠纷案
【法宝引证码】
  • Type of Dispute: Civil-->Maritime -->Maritime
  • Legal document: Judgment
  • Judgment date: 03-18-2011
  • Procedural status: Retrial

ACE European Group Limited v. Lianyungang Cosfar Shipping International Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Cosfar Shipping International Co., Ltd. (dispute over voyage charter contract)
(dispute over voyage charter contract)
艾斯欧洲集团有限公司与连云港明日国际海运有限公司、上海明日国际船务有限公司航次租船合同纠纷案

ACE European Group Limited v. Lianyungang Cosfar Shipping International Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Cosfar Shipping International Co., Ltd.
(Voyage charter contract dispute)@#
[Summary]@#
The parties to a voyage charter include a lessor and a lessee. The lessor should perform its obligations as expressly agreed on in the voyage charter, as well as those set out in Articles 47 and 49 of the Maritime Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the “Maritime Law”). Where the voyage charter is silent or does not provide otherwise, the rights and obligations of the lessor and the lease should be governed by the provisions of Chapter IV of the Maritime Law regarding the rights and obligations of a carrier and a consignor in a contract for carriage of goods by sea. When the lessee lodges a claim on the basis of the voyage charter, according to the privity of contract, the lessor in the voyage charter should assume corresponding liability. The actual carrier is not a party to a voyage charter, and therefore there is no legal basis for the lessee to claim damages against the actual carrier.@#
Supreme People's Court@#
Civil Judgment@#
(No. 16 [2011], Civil, Direct Retrial)@#
BASIC FACTS@#
Retrial Petitioner (defendant and appellant): Lianyungang Cosfar Shipping International Co., Ltd., domiciled at Room 201, Entrance 1, 11 Bianfu East Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, the People's Republic of China.@#
Legal representative: Lu Hong, Chairman of the Board of Directors of this Company.@#
Attorney: Wang Pengnan, lawyer with Wang Pengnan & Co.@#
Attorney: Wang (first name withheld), lawyer with Wang Pengnan & Co.@#
Retrial Respondent (plaintiff and appellant): ACE European Group Limited, domiciled at ACE Building, 100 Leadenhall Street, London, United Kingdom.@#
Legal representative: Roland Peter Murray, director of this Company.@#
Attorney: Li Zengli, lawyer with Shanghai Yao Liang Law Office.@#
Defendant and appellant: Shanghai Cosfar Shipping International Co., Ltd., domiciled at Room 403, Building J, 1325 Mudanjiang Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai, the People's Republic of China.@#
Legal representative: Sun Liang, Chairman of the Board of Directors of this Company.@#
Attorney: Li Yingchun, lawyer with Shanghai Office of Dacheng Law Offices.@#
Attorney: Zhou Yin, lawyer with Shanghai Office of Dacheng Law Offices.@#
Lianyungang Cosfar Shipping International Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “Lianyungang Cosfar”) filed a retrial petition with this Court against the civil judgment (No. 71, [2010], Final, Civil Division IV, Maritime, Shanghai HPC) of the Higher People's Court of Shanghai regarding a voyage charter dispute with ACE European Group Limited (hereinafter referred to as “ACE”) and Shanghai Cosfar Shipping International Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “Shanghai Cosfar”). This Court decided to directly retry this case by issuing a civil ruling (No. 1491 [2010], Civil Petition) on December 30, 2010. This Court formed a collegial panel pursuant to law and, on February 21, 2011, retried this case in an open court session. Wang Pengnan and Wang (first name withheld), attorneys of Lianyungang Cosfar; Li Zengli, attorney of ACE; and Li Yingchun and Zhou Yin, attorneys of Shanghai Cosfar, appeared in court. The retrial of this case is now concluded.@#
On January 22, 2009, ACE instituted an action in the Shanghai Maritime Court, alleging that: On January 27, 2006, as co-insurers, ACE and other eight insurers issued an insurance policy numbered T099281 to the insured, Manuchar N. V. and Manuchar Steel N. V., under which the insured interests were goods by any means of transport around the world and the insurance coverage included all risks and war, among others. In early November of the same year, Manuchar N. V. and Manuchar Steel N. V. entered into a voyage charter regarding the merchant vessel “Tong Cheng” (hereinafter referred to as “Tong Cheng”) with Shanghai Cosfar by email, under which Shanghai Cosfar should provide a part of the shipping space on “Tong Cheng” for carrying goods consigned by Manuchar N. V. and Manuchar Steel N. V. for shipment. In accordance with this charter, Shanghai Cosfar issued 13 clean B/Ls, and on the basis of the insurance policy numbered T099281, ACE issued corresponding insurance certificates for goods under each B/L. On January 22, 2007, “Tong Cheng” issued an average statement. Upon inspections by all parties, it was discovered that the goods on board were seriously damaged. In accordance with the insurance policy, ACE paid compensation to the insured and therefore acquired a subrogation right. The damage to goods was caused by the unseaworthiness of “Tong Cheng” and the carrier's failure to perform its duty of care of goods. Shanghai Cosfar entered into a voyage charter with Manuchar N. V. and Manuchar Steel N. V. and issued B/Ls. Lianyungang Cosfar was the bareboat charterer of “Tong Cheng,” actually operating the vessel. ACE requested the court to order Lianyungang Cosfar and Shanghai Cosfar to assume joint and several compensatory liability for the damage to goods.@#
Shanghai Cosfar and Lianyungang Cosfar argued that: It was the Beijing office of Manuchar N. V. that entered into the voyage charter with Shanghai Cosfar. Neither Manuchar N. V. nor Manuchar Steel N. V. had a voyage charter relationship with Shanghai Cosfar, and as proved in the B/Ls, they were parties to a contract for carriage of goods by sea. The goods in this case were based on CIF. As such, the risks associated with the goods transferred to the buyer when the goods passed the ship's rail at the port of loading. Manuchar N. V. and Manuchar Steel N. V., as the sellers of the goods, had no insured interests when the damage to goods occurred. Therefore, ACE's claim for damages against Shanghai Cosfar and Lianyungang Cosfar lacked contractual and legal basis, and it could not acquire the subrogation right. The damage to goods in this case was caused by accident at sea. Shanghai Cosfar and Lianyungang Cosfar should not assume compensatory liability in accordance with law. The evidence provided by ACE was insufficient to prove the severity and scope of the damage, and the amount of compensation claimed by it was irrational. The time limitation for ACE to institute this action had lapsed. Therefore, Shanghai Cosfar and Lianyungang Cosfar requested the court to dismiss all clams of ACE.@#
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艾斯欧洲集团有限公司与连云港明日国际海运有限公司、上海明日国际船务有限公司航次租船合同纠纷案@#
[裁判摘要]@#
航次租船合同的当事人为出租人和承租人。在航次租船合同有明确约定的情形下,出租人应当按照航次租船合同的约定履行义务,并履行《中华人民共和国海商法》第四十七条、第四十九条规定的义务。在航次租船合同没有约定或者没有不同约定时,出租人和承租人的权利义务适用《中华人民共和国海商法》第四章有关海上货物运输合同承运人和托运人权利义务的规定。承租人就航次租船合同提出索赔请求,根据合同相对性原则,应当由航次租船合同的出租人承担相应的责任。实际承运人并非航次租船合同法律关系的当事方,承租人就航次租船合同向实际承运人提出赔偿请求缺乏法律依据。@#
最高人民法院@#
民事判决书@#
(2011)民提字第16号@#
@#
再审申请人(一审被告、二审上诉人):连云港明日国际海运有限公司。@#
法定代表人:鲁虹,该公司董事长。@#
委托代理人:汪鹏南,辽宁鹏润律师事务所律师。@#
委托代理人:王某某,辽宁鹏润律师事务所律师。@#
再审被申请人(一审原告、二审上诉人):艾斯欧洲集团有限公司(ACE EUR0PEAN GROUP LIMITED)。@#
法定代表人:罗兰·彼得·默里(Roland Peter Murray),该公司董事。@#
委托代理人:李增力,上海市耀良律师事务所律师。@#
一审被告、二审上诉人:上海明日国际船务有限公司。@#
法定代表人:孙量,该公司董事长。@#
委托代理人:李迎春,北京市大成律师事务所上海分所律师。@#
委托代理人:周垠,北京市大成律师事务所上海分所律师。@#
连云港明日国际海运有限公司(以下简称连云港明日)因与艾斯欧洲集团有限公司(以下简称艾斯公司)、上海明日国际船务有限公司(以下简称上海明日)航次租船合同纠纷一案,不服上海市高级人民法院(2010)沪高民四(海)终字第71号民事判决,向本院提出再审申请。本院于2010年12月30日以(2010)民申字第1491号民事裁定决定提审本案。本院依法组成合议庭,于2011年2月21日公开开庭审理了本案。连云港明日的委托代理人汪鹏南、王某某,艾斯公司的委托代理人李增力,上海明日的委托代理人李迎春、周垠到庭参加庭审。本案现已审理终结。@#
艾斯公司于2009年1月22日向上海海事法院起诉称:2006年1月27日,其作为共同保险人连同其他八位保险人向被保险人玛吕莎公司(Manuchar N.V.)和玛吕莎钢铁公司(Manuchar Steel N.V.)签发了 T099281号保险单,被保利益为全世界范围内基于所有交通方式的货物,承保险种为一切险、战争险等。同年11月初,玛吕莎公司和玛吕莎钢铁公司与上海明日通过电子邮件达成关于“桐城”轮的航次租船合同,约定由上海明日提供“桐城”轮部分舱位以装载玛吕莎公司和玛吕莎钢铁公司托运的货物。根据该合同,上海明日签发了十三套清洁提单,艾斯公司根据T099281号保险单签发了每套提单项下货物的相应保险证书。2007年1月22日,“桐城”轮发出海损声明。经各方检验发现所载货物严重受损。根据保险单,艾斯公司向被保险人支付了赔偿金,并取得代位求偿权。涉案货损系因“桐城”轮不适航和承运人未尽管货义务所致,上海明日与玛吕莎公司、玛吕莎钢铁公司达成航次租船合同,并签发了提单。连云港明日系“桐城”轮光船租赁人,实际营运船舶。据此请求判令连云港明日和上海明日就货物损失承担连带赔偿责任。@#
上海明日、连云港明日答辩称:与上海明日签订航次租船合同的是玛吕莎公司北京办事处,玛吕莎公司及玛吕莎钢铁公司和上海明日之间不存在航次租船合同关系,而是通过提单证明的海上货物运输合同关系;涉案货物的贸易方式是CIF,货物风险自货物越过装船港船舷时已转移给货物买方,玛吕莎公司和玛吕莎钢铁公司作为货物卖方在货损发生时不具有保险利益。艾斯公司向其赔付没有合同和法律依据,不能依法取得代位求偿权;涉案货损系因海上意外事故所致,上海明日、连云港明日依法不承担赔偿责任;艾斯公司提供的证据不足以证明货损程度和范围,其索赔的金额缺乏合理性;艾斯公司的起诉已超过诉讼时效。据此,请求驳回艾斯公司的全部诉讼请求。@#
上海海事法院一审审理查明:2006年 10月至11月,玛吕莎公司北京办事处根据玛吕莎公司及玛吕莎钢铁公司委托其谈判和签订“桐城”轮航次租船合同的授权,通过电子邮件的方式和上海明日签订航次租船合同。为履行合同,上海明日分别签发了十三套提单。根据“桐城”轮船舶所有权登记证书记载,连云港明日系“桐城”轮的光船租赁人。“桐城”轮取得了由中国船级社签发的船舶证书,有效期至2009年6月。2006年1月27日,艾斯公司作为保险人连同简威亨有限公司(JEAN VERHEYEN N.V.)、福迪斯保险有限公司 (FORTIS CORPORATE INSURANCE N.V.)、爱克莎比利时有限公司(AXA BELGIUM S.A./N.V.)、比戴姆保险人有限公司[B.D.M.NV (previously MINERVA UNDERWRITERS N.V.)]、和第戈林威克林有限公司(HDI-GERLING VERZEKERINGEN N.V.)、凯特林比利时有限公司 (CATLIN BELGIUM)、纳塔斯有限公司(NATEUS N.V.)、阿威罗比利时保险有限公司 (AVERO BELGIUM INSURANCE N.V.)共同出具 NR.T099281 200601号保险单,承保自 2006年2月1日起玛吕莎公司及其关联公司在全球范围内的运输货物风险,险种为一切险,关联公司中包括玛吕莎钢铁公司,并分别出具了保险凭证。@#
2007年1月22日,“桐城”轮大副发表共同海损声明。2月20日至28日, AIMU海事检验及管理公司作为劳氏代理出具“桐城”轮临时修理规格报告,指出“桐城”轮存在多种瑕疵。4月12日,海上海事检验师有限责任公司出具货物检验报告,报告指出,“桐城”轮2号舱底舱进水,涉案货物受损,货损原因应归结于船舶整体上处于不良状态且不适航。报告同时认定,在发生货损事故后,承运人未尽管货义务。5月21日,上海明日向上海海关发出“桐城”轮海损货物放弃申请。最终,在十三票货物中,TCP010、TRD011、LD04、LD13、LD15号提单项下的货物全损,收货人未提取货物。“桐城”轮在上海港进行永久修理后,发生部分短缺及受损的货物被重新安排出运,上海明日在卸货港的代理就该些货物重新签发了提单,并于2007年7月分别交付于各收货人。玛吕莎公司及玛吕莎钢铁公司也根据货物受损及短少情况重新开具了部分货物发票。涉案保险代理人在卸货港检验货物短缺及受损后认为:TRD013号提单项下货物短缺28 082.89美元;TRD015号提单项下货物短缺及受损18 988美元; TRD016号提单项下货物短缺25 360.09美元;LD05号提单项下货物短缺及受损 34 735.67美元;LD06号提单项下货物受损57 087.27美元;LD07号提单项下货物受损22 989.24美元;LD22号提单项下货物受损4905.85美元;TRD008号提单项下货物推定全损。根据货物发票记载, TRD008号提单项下货物运费16 215.00美元;TRD013号提单项下货物FOB价 41 200.80美元,运费1665.00美元,保险费 428.66美元;TRD015号提单项下货物FOB价 91000.00美元,运费3000.00美元,保险费 940.00美元;TRD016号提单项下货物FOB价 76875.00美元,运费2250.00美元,保险费 791.25美元;LD05号提单项下货物FOB价 62115.48美元,运费2875.77美元,保险费 649.91美元;LD06号提单项下货物FOB价 97327.88美元,运费4301.49美元,保险费 1016.29美元;LD07号提单项下货物FOB价 243739.17美元,运费13 165.83美元,保险费2569.05美元;LD22号提单项下货物 FOB价30 672.99美元,运费1202.91美元,保险费318.76美元。另据报关单记载, TRD008号提单项下货物FOB价430000.00美元;TRD013号提单项下货物FOB价 31 912.50美元;TRD015号提单项下货物 FOB价77 100.00美元;TRD016号提单项下货物FOB价65 625.00美元;LD05号提单项下货物FOB价25 875.00美元;LD06号提单项下货物FOB价30 153.00美元; LD07号提单项下货物FOB价199 020.00美元;LD22号提单项下货物FOB价 24 860.14美元。上海明日确认,玛吕莎公司及玛吕莎钢铁公司已向其支付涉案十三票货物项下的全部运费。@#
涉案货损事故发生后,艾斯公司等九家共同保险人向玛吕莎公司支付了保险赔偿金956459.61美元,并向保险经纪人支付了佣金9656.85美元,向玛吕莎钢铁公司支付了保险赔偿金402 232.77美元,并向保险经纪人支付了佣金4062.95美元。因艾斯公司在共同保险中承保的风险比例为5%,其实际向玛吕莎公司及玛吕莎钢铁公司支付了68 620.61美元。玛吕莎公司及玛吕莎钢铁公司收到赔偿金后出具了收据,同时出具了权益转让书,确认将涉案货损的索赔权转让给上述九家共同保险人。@#
@#
上海海事法院一审认为,本案系航次租船合同纠纷,具有涉外因素,各方当事人均表示适用中华人民共和国法律处理本案,故确定以中华人民共和国法律作为审理本案纠纷的准据法。@#
一、关于玛吕莎公司及玛吕莎钢铁公司和连云港明日、上海明日之间的法律关系的争议。@#
一审法院认为,玛吕莎公司北京办事处的工商登记材料显示,其是玛吕莎公司的派出机构,其与上海明日签订航次租船合同即表示玛吕莎公司和上海明日之间成立航次租船合同关系。授权函证明玛吕莎公司北京办事处同时接受玛吕莎钢铁公司的委托与上海明日签订航次租船合同,上海明日开具的提单上明确注明托运人系玛吕莎公司或玛吕莎钢铁公司.并向玛吕莎公司和玛吕莎钢铁公司收取运费,可以认定玛吕莎钢铁公司和上海明日之间亦成立航次租船合同关系。连云港明日作为涉案船舶的光船租赁人,应认定其为涉案货物的实际承运人。@#
二、关于玛吕莎公司和玛吕莎钢铁公司对涉案货物是否具有保险利益、代位求偿权是否合法的争议。@#
一审法院认为,本案是航次租船合同代位求偿纠纷,主要审查的是被代位人玛吕莎公司及玛吕莎钢铁公司对货损是否具有诉权以及是否存在损失。玛吕莎公司及玛吕莎钢铁公司作为航次租船合同的当事人,亦是提单记载的托运人,发生货损后,当然有权提出索赔。涉案十三票货物中的五票货物被认定为全损,收货人并未提取货物,玛吕莎公司及玛吕莎钢铁公司始终持有该五票货物的一式三份正本提单,就该五票货物存在损失。另八票货物发生不同程度的短缺和受损,收货人确认对于短缺和受损的货物并未支付货款,相应索赔权应属于玛吕莎公司及玛吕莎钢铁公司。据此,玛吕莎公司及玛吕莎钢铁公司对该八票货物存在损失。艾斯公司作为保险人,支付了保险赔偿金并取得玛吕莎公司及玛吕莎钢铁公司出具的权益转让书后,依法取得代位求偿权,有权向货损事故责任人提出索赔。@#
三、关于货损原因及连云港明日、上海明日应否承担赔偿责任的争议。@#
一审法院认为,涉案货物系非集装箱货物,承运人的责任期间自货物装上船时起至卸下船时止。涉案货损发生在承运人责任期间内,承运人应当承担赔偿责任,除非承运人可以证明其存在法律规定的免责事由。连云港明日提供的技术鉴定报告的结论仅为可能性,并无证据予以佐证,且亦未证明该意外事故属于不可抗力。连云港明日提供的“桐城”轮船舶证书在船舶离开釜山港之前仍属于有效期内,但船舶证书并不能直接证明航行过程中发生的货损事故与承运人在管船、管货上不存在过失之间的因果关系。据此,上海明日作为航次租船合同出租人,应当承担赔偿责任。连云港明日作为实际承运人,应当与上海明日承担连带赔偿责任。@#
四、关于损失依据及损失金额合理性的争议。@#
一审法院认为,货物的实际价值应以报关单记载为准。涉案十三票货物中,五票货物为全损,TRD008号提单项下货物推定全损,另七票货物均属部分短缺或受损。根据法律规定,货物的实际价值,按照货物装船时的价值加保险费加运费计算,十三票货物实际损失共计921 899.50美元。艾斯公司作为共同保险人所承保的货物风险比例为5%,因此其实际损失应为 46 094.98美元,至于其请求按保险价值的 110%计算损失金额,因缺乏相关依据,一审法院不予支持。连云港明日主张涉案部分全损货物仍具有残值,因其未提供有效证据证明其主张,一审法院对其主张不予采纳。关于利息损失,系连云港明日、上海明日迟延履行债务引起的孳息损失,可予支持,但因未提供证据证明曾向连云港明日、上海明日请求过损失赔偿,亦未提供相应贷款依据,故利息损失应按中国人民银行同期企业美元活期存款利率计算。@#
五、关于起诉是否超过诉讼时效的争议。@#
一审法院认为,法律规定航次租船的请求权时效期间为二年,本案中因发生海损事故,“桐城”轮大副于2007年1月22日出具共同海损声明,该日可视为艾斯公司知道或者应当知道权利被侵害之日,应为时效起算点,其于2009年1月22日递交了起诉状,一审法院通知起诉状需修正,其遂于3月3日递交经补正的起诉状,因此起诉之日为2009年1月22日,没有超过诉讼时效。而连云港明日作为实际承运人,对其应适用有关侵权的二年诉讼时效,从知道或者应当知道权利被侵害之日起计算,因此对连云港明日的起诉亦未超过诉讼时效。@#
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