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Sanmenxia Station Branch of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd. v. Sanmenxia Tianyuan Aluminum Company Limited and Sanmenxia Tianyuan Aluminum Industry Group Co., Ltd. (Case of dispute over loan guarantee contracts)
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中国工商银行股份有限公司三门峡车站支行与三门峡天元铝业股份有限公司、三门峡天元铝业集团有限公司借款担保合同纠纷案
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Sanmenxia Station Branch of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd. v. Sanmenxia Tianyuan Aluminum Company Limited and Sanmenxia Tianyuan Aluminum Industry Group Co., Ltd. (Case of dispute over loan guarantee contracts)
(Case of dispute over loan guarantee contracts)
中国工商银行股份有限公司三门峡车站支行与三门峡天元铝业股份有限公司、三门峡天元铝业集团有限公司借款担保合同纠纷案
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Sanmenxia Station Branch of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd. v. Sanmenxia Tianyuan Aluminum Company Limited and Sanmenxia Tianyuan Aluminum Industry Group Co., Ltd.
(Case of dispute over loan guarantee contracts) Judgment Abstract 1．Under Article 84 of the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, where a debtor transfers all or any of its obligations under a contract to a third party, such transfer shall be subject to the consent of the creditor. Thus, where a debtor presented a letter of commitment to the creditor, stating that all or any of its debts will be transferred to a third party, but the creditor neither accepted this statement nor affixed its official seal to the debt transfer agreements between the debtor and the third party, the people's court shall hold that the creditor didn't agree with the debt transfer, such an agreement had no legal effect on the creditor. 2. Repayment of old loans with new ones means that a financial institution grants a new loan to its existing borrower for him to repay the existing loan which cannot be repaid upon due date. This process is essentially different from the repayment of loans by the borrower with its own funds which extinguish the rights and obligations regarding the original debt. Although a new loan replaces the old one, the rights and obligations between the lender and the borrower still exist, and it merely in effect extended the repayment period of old loans by way of a new loan. | | 中国工商银行股份有限公司三门峡车站支行与三门峡天元铝业股份有限公司、三门峡天元铝业集团有限公司借款担保合同纠纷案 【裁判摘要】一、根据《中华人民共和国合同法》第八十四条的规定，债务人将合同的义务全部或者部分转移给第三人的，应当经债权人同意。因此，债务人向债权人出具承诺书，表示将所负债务全部或者部分转移给第三人，而债权人对此未予接受，亦未在债务人与第三人签订的债务转移协议书上加盖公章的，应当认定债权人不同意债务转让，债务人与第三人之间的债务转让协议对债权人不发生法律效力。 |
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二、借新贷还旧贷，系在贷款到期不能按时收回的情况下，作为债权人的金融机构又与债务人订立协议，向债务人发放新的贷款用于归还旧贷款的行为。该行为与债务人用自有资金偿还贷款，从而消灭原债权债务关系的行为具有本质的区别。虽然新贷代替了旧贷，但原有的债权债务关系并未消除，客观上只是以新贷形式延长了旧贷的还款期限。 |
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最高人民法院 |
Supreme People's Court | |
民事判决书 |
Civil Judgment | |
(2008)民二终字第81号 |
No.81 [2008], Final, Civil Division II, SPC | |
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BASIC FACTS | |
上诉人(原审原告)：中国工商银行股份有限公司三门峡车站支行。住所地：河南省三门峡市崤山中路7号。 |
Appellant (Plaintiff in the Original Instance): Sanmenxia Station Branch of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd.Address: 7 Xiaoshan Middle Road, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province. | |
负责人：董超群，该支行行长。 |
Person in charge: Dong Chaoqun, head of this branch. | |
委托代理人：柴轶，中国工商银行三门峡分行职员。 |
Authorized representative: Chai Yi, employee of this branch. | |
委托代理人：许欣海，北京市远东律师事务所律师。 |
Attorney: Xu Xinhai, lawyer of Beijing Far East Law Firm. | |
被上诉人(原审被告)：三门峡天元铝业股份有限公司。住所地：河南省三门峡市东风南路10号。 |
Appellee (Defendant in the Original Instance): Sanmenxia Tianyuan Aluminum Company Limited.Address: 10 Dongfeng South Road, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province. | |
法定代表人：李和平，该公司董事长。 |
Legal representative: Li Heping, chairman of the board of directors of this company. | |
委托代理人：宋东珉，该公司职员。 |
Authorized representative: Song Dongmin, employee of this company. | |
委托代理人：郭亚平，河南世纪通律师事务所北京分所律师。 |
Attorney: Guo Yaping, lawyer from the Beijing Branch of Henan Shijitong Law Office. | |
原审被告：三门峡天元铝业集团有限公司。住所地：河南省三门峡市东风南路 10号。 |
Defendant in the Original Instance: Sanmenxia Tianyuan Aluminum Industry Group Co., Ltd.Address: 10 Dongfeng South Road, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province. | |
法定代表人：朱强，该公司董事长。 |
Legal representative: Zhu Qiang, chairman of the board of directors of this company. | |
上诉人中国工商银行股份有限公司三门峡车站支行(以下简称三门峡车站工行)为与被上诉人三门峡天元铝业股份有限公司(以下简称天元股份公司)，原审被告三门峡天元铝业集团有限公司(以下简称天元集团公司)、原三门峡天成电化有限公司 (已破产终结，以下简称天成电化公司)借款担保合同纠纷一案，不服河南省高级人民法院(2006)豫法民二初字第44号民事判决，向本院提起上诉。本院依法组成由审判员张树明担任审判长，代理审判员王华菊、代理审判员沙玲参加的合议庭进行了审理。书记员赵穗军担任记录。本案现已审理终结。 |
For disputes over loan guarantee contracts with the appellee, Sanmenxia Tianyuan Aluminum Company Limited (hereinafter referred to as “Tianyuan Joint-stock Company”), and the defendants in the original instance, Sanmenxia Tianyuan Aluminum Industry Group Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “Tianyuan Group Company”) and former Sanmenxia Tiancheng Electrochemical Co., Ltd. (having been terminated under bankrupt procedures, hereinafter referred to as “Tiancheng Electrochemical Company”), the appellant, Sanmenxia Station Branch of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC”) appealed the civil judgment (No. 44 [2006], First Instance, Civil Division II, Higher People's Court of Henan Province) to this Court. This Court legally formed a collegial panel consisting of chief judge Zhang Shuming, acting judge Wang Huaju and acting judge Sha Ling to try this case, with court clerk Zhao Suijun keeping the court record. So far, the trial of this case has been concluded. | |
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PROCEDURAL POSTURE | |
原审法院审理查明：2000年9月22日，三门峡车站工行与天元集团公司签订 (2000)三工车信字第010号借款合同，约定天元集团公司向三门峡车站工行借款 1700万元，借款用途为借新还旧，借款期限自签约当日至2002年9月21日。同日，三门峡车站工行向天元集团公司发放了该笔借款。2002年9月11日，天元集团公司偿还了该笔借款。次日，双方又签订了 (2002)三工车信字第039-1号、第039-2号借款合同，分别约定天元集团公司向三门峡车站工行借款900万元和800万元，用途均为借新还旧，借款期限自签约当日至2003年9月5日。三门峡车站工行于签约当日发放了该两笔借款。2003年9月3日，天元集团公司偿还了该两笔共计1700万元借款。2003年9月5日，双方签订了 (2003)三工车信字第039号借款合同，约定天元集团公司向三门峡车站工行借款 1600万元，用途为购原材料，借款期限自签约当日至2004年8月25日。三门峡车站工行于签约当日发放了该笔借款。2004年8月3日，天元集团公司偿还了该笔借款。2004年8月5日，双方签订(2004)三工车信字第37号借款合同，约定天元集团公司向三门峡车站工行借款1590万元，用途为购原材料，借款期限自签约当日至 2005年8月3日。 |
Upon trial, the court of the original instance found that: on September 22, 2000, Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC concluded a loan contract (No. 010 [2000] of Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC) with Tianyuan Group Company, agreeing that Tianyuan Group Company would borrow 17 million yuan from Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC for the purpose of repayment of old ones, and the term of the loan should be from the date of conclusion of the contract to September 21, 2002. On the same day, Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC released this loan to Tianyuan Group Company. On September 11, 2002, Tianyuan Group Company repaid this loan. On the next day, both parties concluded two loan contracts (No. 039-1 and No. 039-2 [2002] of Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC), agreeing respectively that Tianyuan Group Company would borrow 9 million yuan and 8 million yuan from Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC for repayment of old ones, and the term of loans should be from the date of conclusion of the contracts to September 5, 2003. Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC released the two loans on the date of conclusion of the contracts. On September 3, 2003, Tianyuan Group Company repaid these two loans totaling 17 million yuan. On September 5, 2003, both parties concluded a loan contract (No. 039 [2003] of Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC), agreeing that Tianyuan Group Company would borrow 16 million yuan from Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC for purchasing raw materials, and the term of loan should be from the date of conclusion of the contract to August 25, 2004. Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC released this loan on the date of conclusion of the contract. On August 3, 2004, Tianyuan Group Company repaid this loan. On August 5, 2004, both parties concluded a loan contract (No. 37 [2004] of Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC), agreeing that Tianyuan Group Company would borrow 15.9 million yuan from Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC for purchasing raw materials, and the term of loan should be from the date of conclusion of the contract to August 3, 2005. | |
2000年9月25日，双方签订(2000)三工车信字第009号借款合同，约定天元集团公司向三门峡车站工行借款1647万元，用途为借新还旧，借款期限自签约当日至2002年9月24日。三门峡车站工行于签约当日发放了该笔借款。2002年9月11日，双方签订了(2002)三工车信字第038- 1号和(2002)三工车信字第038-2号借款合同，分别约定天元集团公司向三门峡车站工行借款1200万元和800万元，用途均为“还旧借新，购原材料”，借款期限自签约当日至2003年9月10日。三门峡车站工行于签约当日发放了该两笔借款。天元集团公司收到2000万元借款的次日偿还了 (2000)三工车信字第009号借款合同项下的1647万元借款。天元集团公司于2003年8月4日向三门峡车站工行偿还了220万元，于2003年9月8日向三门峡车站工行偿还1200万元、800万元。2003年8月 7日，双方签订(2003)三工车信字第35号借款合同，约定天元集团公司向三门峡车站工行借款710万元，用途为购原材料，借款期限自签约之日至2004年8月6日。 2003年8月29日，双方签订(2003)三工车信字第38号借款合同，约定天元集团公司向三门峡车站工行借款1490万元，用途为购原材料，借款期限自签约之日至2004年8月29日。该两笔借款均于签约当日发放。天元集团公司于2004年8月5日分别偿还了该两笔借款。2004年8月6日，三门峡车站工行与天元集团公司又签订了 (2004)三工车信字第38号和第39号借款合同，分别约定天元集团公司向三门峡车站工行借款1480万元和700万元，该两笔借款于2005年8月5日到期。 |
On September 25, 2000, both parties concluded a loan contract (No. 009 [2000] of Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC), agreeing that Tianyuan Group Company would borrow 16.47 million yuan from Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC for repayment of old ones, and the term of loan should be from the date of conclusion of the contract to September 24, 2002. Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC released this loan on the date of conclusion of the contract. On September 11, 2002, both parties concluded two loan contracts (No. 038-1 [2002] and No. 038-2 [2002] of Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC), agreeing respectively that Tianyuan Group Company would borrow 12 million yuan and 8 million yuan from Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC for “repaying old loans and purchasing raw materials”, and the term of loans should be from the date of conclusion of the contracts to September 10, 2003. Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC released these two loans on the date of conclusion of the contracts. Tianyuan Group Company repaid the loan of 16.47 million yuan under the loan contract No. 009 [2000] of Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC the next day after it received the loans of 20 million yuan. Tianyuan Group Company repaid 2.2 million yuan to Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC on August 4, 2003, and 12 million yuan and 8 million yuan to it on September 8, 2003. On August 7, 2003, both parties concluded a loan contract (No. 35 [2003] of Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC), agreeing that Tianyuan Group Company would borrow 7.1 million yuan from Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC for purchasing raw materials, and the term of loan should be from the date of conclusion of the contract to August 6, 2004. On August 29, 2003, both parties concluded a loan contract (No. 38 [2003] of Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC), agreeing that Tianyuan Group Company would borrow 14.9 million yuan from Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC for purchasing raw materials, and the term of loan should be from the date of conclusion of the contract to August 29, 2004. Both loans were released on the date of conclusion of contracts. Tianyuan Group Company repaid these two loans respectively on August 5, 2004. On August 6, 2004, Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC and Tianyuan Group Company concluded two loan contracts (No. 38 and No. 39 [2004] of Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC), agreeing respectively that Tianyuan Group Company would borrow 14.8 million yuan and 7 million yuan from Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC, and these two loans should mature on August 5, 2005. | |
上述三笔借款均由天成电化公司提供连带责任担保。 |
Tiancheng Electrochemical Company, as the guarantor, assumed the joint and several liability for the repayment of the aforesaid three loans. | |
原审法院另查明：天元股份公司于 2000年8月由天元集团公司、白银氟化盐有限责任公司、焦作市冰晶石厂、河南省第六建筑工程公司、焦作市焦铝碳素厂五家法人股东设立的股份有限公司，注册资金 6800万元。天元集团公司出资65 176 184元，占总股本的95．84％。亚太评估事务所以1999年11月30日为基准日对天元集团公司的资产进行评估，结论为天元集团公司的净资产为9232．6万元。2000年9月 21日，天元集团公司向三门峡车站工行出具的承诺书载明：天元集团公司以现有优良资产(电解一分厂、电解二分厂、动力车间等辅助车间)作为股份投入，投资金额占 95．84％。2000年11月16日，天元集团公司和天元股份公司共同向三门峡车站工行出具《债务转移协议补充承诺》，该书面承诺第二条内容为：“为了使三门峡车站工行的债权不受天元集团公司改制的影响，确保三门峡车站工行信贷资产安全，天元集团公司再以十万吨电解铝扩建工程竣工后总资产作为偿还三门峡车站工行债务的保证，如果天元集团公司确实无力归还三门峡车站工行的债务，那么由天元股份公司负责归还。” |
The court of the original instance also found that: Tianyuan Joint-stock Company was a joint stock limited company formed by five legal person shareholders: Tianyuan Group Company, Silver Fluoride Salt Limited Liability Company, Jiaozuo Cryolite Factory, Henan No.6 Construction Company and Jiaozuo Coke Aluminum Carbon Factory, and its registered capital was 68 million yuan. Tianyuan Group Company invested 65,176,184 yuan in the company, which accounted for 95.84% of the total capital stock of the company. According to the results of assessment conducted by Asia-pacific Assessment Office of the assets of Tianyuan Group Company with November 30, 1999 being the benchmark date, the value of net assets of Tianyuan Group Company was 92,326,000 yuan. On September 21, 2000, Tianyuan Group Company issued a letter of commitment to Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC, stating that: Tianyuan Group Company invested its current good assets (the first branch of electrolysis factory, the second branch of electrolysis factory, power workshop and other auxiliary workshops) for shares of the above company, and the amount of investment accounted for 95.84%. On November 16, 2000, Tianyuan Group Company and Tianyuan Joint-stock Company jointly issued a Supplementary Letter of Commitment to Debt Transfer Agreements to Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC, Article 2 of which provided that: “For purposes of preventing the creditor's rights of Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC from being affected by the systematic restructuring of Tianyuan Group Company and ensuring the safety of credit assets of Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC, Tianyuan Group Company shall provide its total assets after the completion of the 100,000-ton electrolytic aluminum expansion project as a guarantee for repaying its debts to Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC, and if Tianyuan Group Company is unable to repay its debts to Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC, Tianyuan Joint-stock Company shall be liable for repayment thereof.” | |
天成电化公司已于2007年5月12日破产还债。 |
Tiancheng Electrochemical Company went bankrupt for repaying debts on May 12, 2007. | |
三门峡车站工行于2006年8月28日向原审法院提起诉讼，请求判令：天元集团公司和天元股份公司共同偿还贷款本金 3770万元，利息3 754 860．16元(该利息计算至2006年7月20日，此后利息继续计算)；判令天成电化公司对上述债务在其担保的范围内承担连带清偿责任。 |
Sanmenxia Station Branch of ICBC instituted a lawsuit in the court of the original instance on August 28, 2006, requesting the court to rule that: Tianyuan Group Company and Tianyuan Joint-stock Company should jointly repay 37.7 million yuan of loan principal and 3,754,860.16 yuan of interest (which was calculated until July 20, 2006, and the interest thereafter should continue to be calculated) and Tiancheng Electrochemical Company should assume the joint and several liability for repaying the above debts within the extent of guarantee that it provided. | |
原审法院经审理认为：三门峡车站工行诉请天元集团公司偿还3770万元本金及3 754 860．16元利息，提供了借款合同、借据及逾期贷款催收通知书，证据充分，对三门峡车站工行的该项诉讼请求予以确认。天元股份公司与天元集团公司于2000年11月16日向其出具的《债务转移协议补充承诺》中关于“如果天元集团公司确实无力归还三门峡车站工行的债务，那么由天元股份公司负责归还”的承诺，该承诺具有保证的性质。因本案贷款是2000年的旧贷款经多次以贷还贷逐步演化而来并非 2004年发生的新贷款，天元股份公司在 2000年11月承诺与天元集团公司共同偿还的借款已经偿还，天元股份公司不应对 2004年发生的本案贷款承担保证责任。从天元集团公司2000年9月21日向三门峡车站工行出具的承诺书中载明的“天元集团公司以现有优良资产(电解一分厂、电解二分厂、动力车间等辅助车间)作为股份投入”的内容可以认定，天元集团公司以其优良资产与他人组建了天元股份公司。从天元股份公司的工商登记材料看，其主要股东是天元集团公司，其投入天元股份公司 65 176 184元，占总股本的95．84％，而经亚太评估事务所以1999年11月30日为基准日对其资产进行评估，其净资产价值为9232．6万元，由此可以认定天元集团公司将其大部分资产投入了天元股份公司。故天元集团公司应以其资产包括其拥有的天元股份公司的股权对三门峡车站工行的债务承担责任。由于本案贷款是2000年的旧贷款经多次以贷还贷逐步演化而来的，三门峡车站工行不能举证证明保证人天成电化公司对以新贷偿还旧贷明知或同意，也不能证明旧贷款的保证人同为天成电化公司，根据最高人民法院《关于适用＜中华人民共和国担保法＞若干问题的解释》第三十九条第一款关于“主合同当事人双方协议以新贷偿还旧贷，除保证人知道或者应当知道的外，保证人不承担民事责任”的规定，天成电化公司对本案借款不承担保证责任。
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