United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property | | 联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约* |
| The States Parties to the present Convention, | | 本公约缔约国， |
| Considering that the jurisdictional immunities of States and their property are generally accepted as a principle of customary international law, | | 考虑到国家及其财产的管辖豁免为一项普遍接受的习惯国际法原则， |
| Having in mind the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations, | | 铭记《联合国宪章》所体现的国际法原则， |
| Believing that an international convention on the jurisdictional immunities of States and their property would enhance the rule of law and legal certainty, particularly in dealings of States with natural or juridical persons, and would contribute to the codification and development of international law and the harmonization of practice in this area, | | 相信一项关于国家及其财产的管辖豁免国际公约将加强法治和法律的确定性，特别是在国家与自然人或法人的交易方面，并将有助于国际法的编纂与发展及此领域实践的协调， |
| Taking into account developments in State practice with regard to the jurisdictional immunities of States and their property, | | 考虑到国家及其财产的管辖豁免方面国家实践的发展， |
| Affirming that the rules of customary international law continue to govern matters not regulated by the provisions of the present Convention, | | 申明习惯国际法的规则仍然适用于本公约没有规定的事项， |
| Have agreed as follows: | | 议定如下： |
| Part I Introduction | | 第一部分 导言 |
| Article 1 Scope of the present Convention | | 第1条 本公约的范围 |
| The present Convention applies to the immunity of a State and its property from the jurisdiction of the courts of another State. | | 本公约适用于国家及其财产在另一国法院的管辖豁免。 |
| Article 2 Use of terms | | 第2条 用语 |
| 1.For the purposes of the present Convention: | | 1.为本公约的目的： |
| (a)“court” means any organ of a State, however named, entitled to exercise judicial functions; | | （a）“法院”是指一国有权行使司法职能的不论名称为何的任何机关； |
| (b)“State” means: | | （b）“国家”是指： |
| (i)the State and its various organs of government; | | （一）国家及其政府的各种机关； |
| (ii)constituent units of a federal State or political subdivisions of the State, which are entitled to perform acts in the exercise of sovereign authority, and are acting in that capacity; | | （二）有权行使主权权力并以该身份行事的联邦国家的组成单位或国家政治区分单位； |
| (iii)agencies or instrumentalities of the State or other entities, to the extent that they are entitled to perform and are actually performing acts in the exercise of sovereign authority of the State; | | （三）国家机构、部门或其他实体，但须它们有权行使并且实际在行使国家的主权权力； |
| (iv)representatives of the State acting in that capacity; | | （四）以国家代表身份行事的国家代表。 |
| (c)“commercial transaction” means: | | （C）“商业交易”是指： |
| (i)any commercial contract or transaction for the sale of goods or supply of services; | | （一）为销售货物或为提供服务而订立的任何商业合同或交易； |
| (ii)any contract for a loan or other transaction of a financial nature, including any obligation of guarantee or of indemnity in respect of any such loan or transaction; | | （二）任何贷款或其他金融性质之交易的合同，包括涉及任何此类贷款或交易的任何担保义务或补偿义务； |
| (iii)any other contract or transaction of a commercial, industrial, trading or professional nature, but not including a contract of employment of persons. | | （三）商业、工业、贸易或专业性质的任何其他合同或交易，但不包括雇用人员的合同。 |
| 2.In determining whether a contract or transaction is a “commercial transaction” under paragraph 1 (c), reference should be made primarily to the nature of the contract or transaction, but its purpose should also be taken into account if the parties to the contract or transaction have so agreed, or if, in the practice of the State of the forum, that purpose is relevant to determining the non-commercial character of the contract or transaction. | | 2.在确定一项合同或交易是否为第1款（c）项所述的“商业交易”时，应主要参考该合同或交易的性质，但如果合同或交易的当事方已达成一致，或者根据法院地国的实践，合同或交易的目的与确定其非商业性质有关，则其目的也应予以考虑。 |
| 3.The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 regarding the use of terms in the present Convention are without prejudice to the use of those terms or to the meanings which may be given to them in other international instruments or in the internal law of any State. | | 3.关于本公约用语的第1款和第2款的规定不妨碍其他国际文书或任何国家的国内法对这些用语的使用或给予的含义。 |
| Article 3 Privileges and immunities not affected by the present Convention | | 第3条 不受本公约影响的特权和豁免 |
| 1.The present Convention is without prejudice to the privileges and immunities enjoyed by a State under international law in relation to the exercise of the functions of: | | 1.本公约不妨碍国家根据国际法所享有的有关行使下列职能的特权和豁免： |
| (a)its diplomatic missions, consular posts, special missions, missions to international organizations or delegations to organs of international organizations or to international conferences; and | | （a）其外交代表机构、领事机构、特别使团、驻国际组织代表团，或派往国际组织的机关或国际会议的代表团的职能；和 |
| (b)persons connected with them. | | （b）与上述机构有关联的人员的职能。 |
| 2.The present Convention is without prejudice to privileges and immunities accorded under international law to heads of State ratione personae. | | 2.本公约不妨碍根据国际法给予国家元首个人的特权和豁免。 |
| 3.The present Convention is without prejudice to the immunities enjoyed by a State under international law with respect to aircraft or space objects owned or operated by a State. | | 3.本公约不妨碍国家根据国际法对国家拥有或运营的航空器或空间物体所享有的豁免。 |
| Article 4 Non-retroactivity of the present Convention | | 第4条 本公约不溯及既往 |
| Without prejudice to the application of any rules set forth in the present Convention to which jurisdictional immunities of States and their property are subject under international law independently of the present Convention, the present Convention shall not apply to any question of jurisdictional immunities of States or their property arising in a proceeding instituted against a State before a court of another State prior to the entry into force of the present Convention for the States concerned. | | 在不妨碍本公约所述关于国家及其财产依国际法而非依本公约享有管辖豁免的任何规则的适用的前提下，本公约不应适用于在本公约对有关国家生效前，在一国法院对另一国提起的诉讼所引起的任何国家及其财产的管辖豁免问题。 |
| Part II General principles | | 第二部分 一般原则 |
| Article 5 State immunity | | 第5条 国家豁免 |
| A State enjoys immunity, in respect of itself and its property, from the jurisdiction of the courts of another State subject to the provisions of the present Convention. | | 一国本身及其财产遵照本公约的规定在另一国法院享有管辖豁免。 |
| Article 6 Modalities for giving effect to State immunity | | 第6条 实行国家豁免的方式 |
| 1.A State shall give effect to State immunity under article 5 by refraining from exercising jurisdiction in a proceeding before its courts against another State and to that end shall ensure that its courts determine on their own initiative that the immunity of that other State under article 5 is respected. | | 1.一国应避免对在其法院对另一国提起的诉讼行使管辖，以实行第5条所规定的国家豁免；并应为此保证其法院主动地确定该另一国根据第5条享有的豁免得到尊重。 |
| 2.A proceeding before a court of a State shall be considered to have been instituted against another State if that other State: | | 2.在一国法院中的诉讼应视为对另一国提起的诉讼，如果该另一国： |
| (a)is named as a party to that proceeding; or | | （a）被指名为该诉讼的当事一方；或 |
| (b)is not named as a party to the proceeding but the proceeding in effect seeks to affect the property, rights, interests or activities of that other State. | | （b）未被指名为该诉讼的当事一方，但该诉讼实际上企图影响该另一国的财产、权利、利益或活动。 |
| Article 7 Express consent to exercise of jurisdiction | | 第7条 明示同意行使管辖 |
| 1.A State cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction in a proceeding before a court of another State with regard to a matter or case if it has expressly consented to the exercise of jurisdiction by the court with regard to the matter or case: | | 1.一国如以下列方式明示同意另一国对某一事项或案件行使管辖，则不得在该法院就该事项或案件提起的诉讼中援引管辖豁免： |
| (a)by international agreement; | | （a）国际协定； |
| (b)in a written contract; or | | （b）书面合同；或 |
| (c)by a declaration before the court or by a written communication in a specific proceeding. | | （c）在法院发表的声明或在特定诉讼中提出的书面函件。 |
| 2.Agreement by a State for the application of the law of another State shall not be interpreted as consent to the exercise of jurisdiction by the courts of that other State. | | 2.一国同意适用另一国的法律，不应被解释为同意该另一国的法院行使管辖权。 |
| Article 8 Effect of participation in a proceeding before a court | | 第8条 参加法院诉讼的效果 |
| 1.A State cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction in a proceeding before a court of another State if it has: | | 1.在下列情况下，一国不得在另一国法院的诉讼中援引管辖豁免： |
| (a)itself instituted the proceeding; or | | （a）该国本身提起该诉讼；或 |
| (b)intervened in the proceeding or taken any other step relating to the merits. However, if the State satisfies the court that it could not have acquired knowledge of facts on which a claim to immunity can be based until after it took such a step, it can claim immunity based on those facts, provided it does so at the earliest possible moment. | | （b）介入该诉讼或采取与案件实体有关的任何其他步骤。但如该国使法院确信它在采取这一步骤之前不可能知道可据以主张豁免的事实，则它可以根据那些事实主张豁免，条件是它必须尽早这样做。 |
| 2.A State shall not be considered to have consented to the exercise of jurisdiction by a court of another State if it intervenes in a proceeding or takes any other step for the sole purpose of: | | 2.一国不应被视为同意另一国的法院行使管辖权，如果该国仅为下列目的介入诉讼或采取任何其他步骤： |
| (a)invoking immunity; or | | （a）援引豁免；或 |
| (b)asserting a right or interest in property at issue in the proceeding. | | （b）对诉讼中有待裁决的财产主张一项权利或利益。 |
| 3.The appearance of a representative of a State before a court of another State as a witness shall not be interpreted as consent by the former State to the exercise of jurisdiction by the court. | | 3.一国代表在另一国法院出庭作证不应被解释为前一国同意法院行使管辖权。 |
| 4.Failure on the part of a State to enter an appearance in a proceeding before a court of another State shall not be interpreted as consent by the former State to the exercise of jurisdiction by the court. | | 4.一国未在另一国法院的诉讼中出庭不应被解释为前一国同意法院行使管辖权。 |
| Article 9 Counterclaims | | 第9条 反诉 |
| 1.A State instituting a proceeding before a court of another State cannot invoke immunity from the jurisdiction of the court in respect of any counterclaim arising out of the same legal relationship or facts as the principal claim. | | 1.一国在另一国法院提起一项诉讼，不得就与本诉相同的法律关系或事实所引起的任何反诉向法院援引管辖豁免。 |
| 2.A State intervening to present a claim in a proceeding before a court of another State cannot invoke immunity from the jurisdiction of the court in respect of any counterclaim arising out of the same legal relationship or facts as the claim presented by the State. | | 2.一国介入另一国法院的诉讼中提出诉讼请求，则不得就与该国提出的诉讼请求相同的法律关系或事实所引起的任何反诉援引管辖豁免。 |
| 3.A State making a counterclaim in a proceeding instituted against it before a court of another State cannot invoke immunity from the jurisdiction of the court in respect of the principal claim. | | 3.一国在另一国法院对该国提起的诉讼中提出反诉，则不得就本诉向法院援引管辖豁免。 |
| Part III Proceedings in which State immunity cannot be invoked | | 第三部分 不得援引国家豁免的诉讼 |
| Article 10 Commercial transactions | | 第10条 商业交易 |
| 1.If a State engages in a commercial transaction with a foreign natural or juridical person and, by virtue of the applicable rules of private international law, differences relating to the commercial transaction fall within the jurisdiction of a court of another State, the State cannot invoke immunity from that jurisdiction in a proceeding arising out of that commercial transaction. | | 1.一国如与外国一自然人或法人进行一项商业交易，而根据国际私法适用的规则，有关该商业交易的争议应由另一国法院管辖，则该国不得在该商业交易引起的诉讼中援引管辖豁免。 |
| 2.Paragraph 1 does not apply: | | 2.第1款不适用于下列情况： |
| (a)in the case of a commercial transaction between States; or | | （a）国家之间进行的商业交易；或 |
| (b)if the parties to the commercial transaction have expressly agreed otherwise. | | （b）该商业交易的当事方另有明确协议。 |
| 3.Where a State enterprise or other entity established by a State which has an independent legal personality and is capable of: | | 3.当国家企业或国家所设其他实体具有独立的法人资格，并有能力： |
| (a)suing or being sued; and | | （a）起诉或被诉；和 |
| (b)acquiring, owning or possessing and disposing of property, including property which that State has authorized it to operate or manage, | | （b）获得、拥有或占有和处置财产，包括国家授权其经营或管理的财产， |
| is involved in a proceeding which relates to a commercial transaction in which that entity is engaged, the immunity from jurisdiction enjoyed by that State shall not be affected. | | 其卷入与其从事的商业交易有关的诉讼时，该国享有的管辖豁免不应受影响。 |
| Article 11Contracts of employment | | 第11条 雇用合同 |
| 1.Unless otherwise agreed between the States concerned, a State cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise competent in a proceeding which relates to a contract of employment between the State and an individual for work performed or to be performed, in whole or in part, in the territory of that other State. | | 1.除有关国家间另有协议外，一国在该国和个人间关于已全部或部分在另一国领土进行，或将进行的工作之雇用合同的诉讼中，不得向该另一国原应管辖的法院援引管辖豁免。 |
| 2.Paragraph 1 does not apply if: | | 2.第1款不适用于下列情况： |
| (a)the employee has been recruited to perform particular functions in the exercise of governmental authority; | | （a）招聘该雇员是为了履行行使政府权力方面的特定职能； |
| (b)the employee is: | | （b）该雇员是： |
| (i)a diplomatic agent, as defined in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961; | | （一）1961年《维也纳外交关系公约》所述的外交代表； |
| (ii)a consular officer, as defined in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963; | | （二）1963年《维也纳领事关系公约》所述的领事官员； |
| (iii)a member of the diplomatic staff of a permanent mission to an international organization or of a special mission, or is recruited to represent a State at an international conference; or | | （三）常驻国际组织代表团外交工作人员、特别使团成员或获招聘代表一国出席国际会议的人员；或 |
| (iv)any other person enjoying diplomatic immunity; | | （四）享有外交豁免的任何其他人员； |
| (c)the subject-matter of the proceeding is the recruitment, renewal of employment or reinstatement of an individual; | | （c）诉讼的事由是个人的招聘、雇用期的延长或复职； |
| (d)the subject-matter of the proceeding is the dismissal or termination of employment of an individual and, as determined by the head of State, the head of Government or the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the employer State, such a proceeding would interfere with the security interests of that State; | | （d）诉讼的事由是解雇个人或终止对其雇用，且雇用国的国家元首、政府首脑或外交部长认定该诉讼有碍该国安全利益； |
| (e)the employee is a national of the employer State at the time when the proceeding is instituted, unless this person has the permanent residence in the State of the forum; or | | （e）该雇员在诉讼提起时是雇用国的国民，除非此人长期居住在法院地国；或 |
| (f)the employer State and the employee have otherwise agreed in writing, subject to any considerations of public policy conferring on the courts of the Stateof the forum exclusive jurisdiction by reason of the subject-matter of the proceeding. | | （f）该雇员和雇用国另有书面协议，但由于公共政策的任何考虑，因该诉讼的事由内容而赋予法院地国法院专属管辖权者不在此限。 |
Article 12 Personal injuries and damage to property
．．．．．． | | 第12条 人身伤害和财产损害
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