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Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection in Tibet
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西藏的生态建设与环境保护
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| Foreword | | 前言 |
China's Tibet Autonomous Region is situated on the main body of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. With high altitude, unique geographical features and rich wildlife, water and mineral resources, it has been called the "Roof of the World" and the "Third Pole of the Earth." It is not only the "source of rivers" and the "ecological source" for the areas in South and Southeast Asia, but is also the"starter" and "regulating area" of the climate of China and indeed of the Eastern Hemisphere as a whole. | |
中国西藏自治区位于青藏高原的主体，地势高峻，地理特殊，野生动植物资源、水资源和矿产资源丰富，素有“世界屋脊”和“地球第三极”之称。这里不仅是南亚、东南亚地区的“江河源”和“生态源”，还是中国乃至东半球气候的“启动器”和“调节区”。 |
The Chinese government attaches great importance to ecological improvement and environmental protection in Tibet. It has made tremendous efforts to strengthen ecological improvement and environmental protection work in Tibet, promote the sustainable development of its economy and society, and improve the quality of life of the people of its various ethnic groups. For over half a century, ecological improvement and environmental protection in Tibet, as an important part of the effort to modernize Tibet, has,together with economic development, social progress and enhancement of people's living standards, pressed forward and made great achievements. It would help clarify some people's misunderstanding concerning Tibet's eco-environmental problem and enhance their understanding of Tibet to review the progress of the ecological improvement and environmental protection work in Tibet,to present the status of this undertaking, and to envisage the prospects of sustainable development for the region. | |
中国政府高度重视西藏的生态建设与环境保护，为加强西藏的生态建设与环境保护，促进西藏经济、社会可持续发展，提高各族人民的生活质量，做出了巨大的努力。半个多世纪以来，西藏的生态建设与环境保护作为西藏现代化建设的一项重要内容，与经济发展、社会进步、人民生活的提高同步推进，取得了重大成就。回顾西藏生态建设与环境保护事业发展的历程，展示西藏生态建设与环境保护的现状，昭示西藏可持续发展的前景，有助于澄清人们对西藏生态环境问题的误解，增进对西藏的了解。 |
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| I. Progress of the Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection Work in Tibet | | 一、西藏生态建设与环境保护事业的发展 |
The Tibet Autonomous Region is 1.22 million sq. km in area, with an average altitude of well over 4,000 m above sea level. It boasts a unique natural ecology and geographical environment. The climate in Tibet turns gradually from being warm and moist to cold and dry from its southeast toward its northwest. Ecologically, the changes are manifested in belts from forest, bush, meadow and steppe to desert. The complex and varied terrains and landforms as well as the unique type of ecological system have created a natural paradise for biodiversity. | |
西藏自治区面积122万平方公里，平均海拔在4000米以上,有着独特的自然生态和地理环境。西藏的气候自东南向西北由暖热湿润向寒冷干旱呈递次过渡，自然生态由森林、灌丛、草甸、草原到荒漠呈带状更迭。复杂多样的地形地貌和特殊的生态系统类型，为生物多样性营造了天然乐园。 |
The old Tibet before the 1950s had long been under the rule of feudal serfdom. The development level of its productive forces was extremely low, and it was, by and large, in a state of passive adaptation to natural conditions and one-way exploitation of natural resources. It was absolutely impossible to discuss the objective law of the ecological environment of Tibet, or to talk about ecological improvement and environmental protection. From the latter half of the 19th century, some foreign explorers and scientists conducted various surveys and investigations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In the 1930s, Chinese scientists also carried out some surveys and investigations there. But, generally speaking, their knowledge of the unique natural eco-environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was incomplete and unsystematic. | |
二十世纪五十年代以前的旧西藏，长期处于封建农奴制的统治之下，生产力发展水平极其低下，基本处于被动适应自然条件和对自然资源的单向索取状态，根本谈不上对西藏生态环境客观规律的认识，也谈不上生态建设和环境保护问题。十九世纪下半叶起，一些外国探险家和科学家在青藏高原进行过各种考察和调查；二十世纪三十年代，中国科学家也在青藏高原进行过考察和调查，但总体上说，他们对青藏高原特殊自然生态环境的认识还不全面、不系统。 |
It was after the peaceful liberation of Tibet that ecological improvement and environmental protection started there, and began to progress along with the modernization of Tibet. | |
西藏生态建设和环境保护起步于西藏和平解放以后，并随着西藏现代化建设的发展而得到发展。 |
The peaceful liberation initiated the process of scientific understanding, voluntary protection and active improvement of the ecological environment in Tibet. Shortly after the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951, in order to unveil the mysteries of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and promote Tibet's social progress and development, the Central People's Government organized the "Tibet Work Team of the Government Administration Council" (on the basis of which the "Tibet Comprehensive Exploration Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"was established in 1958), to explore and assess land, forest, pastureland, water conservancy and mineral resources in Tibet. The work team put forward a proposal for scientific development and utilization, which started the process of scientific understanding,utilization and protection of the ecological environment in Tibet. | |
——和平解放开启了科学认识、主动保护和积极建设西藏生态环境的进程。1951年西藏和平解放之初，为了揭开青藏高原的奥秘，促进西藏的社会进步与发展，中央人民政府就组织“政务院西藏工作队”（1958年，在此基础上成立“中国科学院西藏综合考察队”），对西藏的土地、森林、草场、水利和矿产资源进行考察和评价，提出了科学开发利用的意见，从而开启了科学认识、利用和保护西藏生态环境的进程。 |
At the same time, ecological improvement and environmental protection work gradually unfolded, with the aim of improving the subsistence conditions on the Tibet Plateau. The State sent forestry specialists to explore parts of the Yarlungzangbo River Valley, and carried out experiments in the cultivation of tree saplings and afforestation at the July 1 Farm in the western suburbs of Lhasa, which laid the foundation for large-scale afforestation and ecological improvement in Tibet. After the implementation of the Democratic Reform in 1959, a mass voluntary tree-planting drive using local tree species as the main breeds was launched in a big way in Tibet. Such afforestation efforts enabled the people in Tibet to achieve a qualitative leap from the centuries-old passive adaptation to natural conditions to remaking nature on their own initiative. | |
与此同时，改善西藏高原生存条件的生态建设和环境保护逐步开展起来。国家派遣林业技术人员对雅鲁藏布江流域部分地区进行考察，并在拉萨市西郊七一农场开展育苗造林试验，为在西藏开展大规模植树造林、改善生态奠定基础。1959年实行民主改革以后，西藏以乡土树种为主，掀起了大规模的群众性义务植树活动。植树造林工作的开展，使西藏人民实现了由千百年来被动适应自然，进入主动改造自然的质的飞跃。 |
After the founding of the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region in September 1965, ecological improvement and environmental protection were put on government agenda and thus organizationally guaranteed, along with the progress of work in all spheres achieved by the people's democratic government. In 1975, the Leading Group for Environmental Protection of the Tibet Autonomous Region and its General Office were established. In 1983,the Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection Department under the government of the Autonomous Region was established. Since then, the organizational structure and administrative systems have kept improving, and ecological improvement and environmental protection work in Tibet has gradually got onto the track of sound development. | |
1965年9月西藏自治区人民政府正式成立以后，生态建设和环境保护工作伴随着人民民主政权各方面工作的开展纳入议事日程，得到组织上的保证。1975年西藏自治区环境保护领导小组和办公室成立，1983年正式成立自治区城乡建设环境保护厅，此后，组织机构和管理体制不断完善，西藏的生态建设和环境保护工作逐步走上良性发展轨道。 |
The comprehensive scientific surveys on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have helped people to learn about Tibet's natural eco-environment in a more systematic and profound manner. As a result,ecological improvement work in Tibet began to make substantial headway. The Chinese Academy of Sciences formulated the "Comprehensive Scientific Survey Plan for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for 1973-1980." In 1972, the Academy held the "Symposium on Scientific Survey in the Mt. Qomolangma Area," the first ever, in Lanzhou. In the wake of this symposium, all types of comprehensive or specialized academic conferences in respect of the natural eco-environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were held one after the other, accompanied by a large number of academic achievements. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Comprehensive Scientific Survey Series alone contains 31 titles in 42 volumes, amounting to a grand total of some 17 million characters. These scientific achievements have provided a scientific basis for making better use of natural resources in the economic development of Tibet, and for continuous improvement of the human living environment. In 1977, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry organized for the first time an all-round survey of the forestry resources across Tibet. Since 1978, to meet the requirements of afforestation, some 50 sapling farms have been set up in various places, introducing, naturalizing and cultivating scores of tree breeds suitable for Tibet. | |
有关青藏高原的科学考察活动全面铺开，对西藏自然生态环境的认识更加系统、深入，生态建设开始取得实质性进展。中国科学院制定了《青藏高原1973—1980年综合科学考察规划》。1972年中国科学院在兰州首次召开了“珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察学术研讨会”，其后，有关青藏高原自然生态环境的各类综合性、专题性学术会议不断召开。一大批学术成果相继问世，仅一套《青藏高原综合科学考察丛书》就达31部42册，约1700万字。这些科研成果，为西藏在经济建设和发展中更好地利用自然资源，不断改善人类生存环境提供了科学依据。1977年，国家农林部组织了对西藏全区的第一次全面森林资源清查。1978年起，为适应造林绿化的需要，各地先后建立苗圃近50个，引进、驯化、培养了数十种适宜西藏生长的造林绿化树种。 |
The reform and opening-up has enabled ecological improvement and environmental protection work in Tibet to progress in a law-governed manner. After the reform and opening-up policy was adopted some two decades ago, as Tibet has grown more modern, greater attention has been given to the Autonomous Region's ecological improvement and environmental protection, which is progressing steadily in a law-governed manner. In the 13 years from 1982 to 1994, the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region,and the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region and its various departments enacted and implemented more than 30 relevant local regulations, governmental standardization documents, and departmental rules and regulations, which formed a relatively systematic local legal regime concerning environmental protection.As far as the contents were concerned, they included comprehensive regulations concerning ecological and environmental protection, such as the "Regulations for Environmental Protection in the Tibet Autonomous Region", as well as special regulations for different areas of ecological and environmental protection, such as land management, mineral resources administration, forest protection, grassland protection and control, water and soil conservation, wild animals protection, nature reserves administration, and pollution treatment. These rules and regulations covered almost all areas in ecological and environmental protection, so that there were laws to go by in all these spheres. | |
——改革开放使西藏的生态建设和环境保护事业的发展走上法制化的道路。改革开放后，生态建设和环境保护随着西藏现代化的发展日益受到重视，西藏的生态建设和环境保护事业在法制化的轨道上不断得到发展。1982年到1994年的十三年间，西藏自治区人民代表大会常务委员会、西藏自治区人民政府及政府各部门颁布实施的生态建设和环境保护类地方性法规、政府规范性文件、部门规章等共计30余件，形成了比较系统的地方性环境保护法规体系。从内容上看，既有涉及生态与环境保护的综合性法规，如《西藏自治区环境保护条例》，也有涉及生态与环境保护各个领域的，如土地管理、矿产资源管理、森林保护、草原保护与管理、水土保持、野生动物保护、自然保护区管理、污染治理等方面的专项法规，基本上涵盖了生态与环境保护的各个领域，做到了有法可依。 |
The State has directly invested in comprehensive agricultural development projects on the middle reaches of the "three rivers" (the Yarlungzangbo, Lhasa and Nyangqu rivers), with the emphasis on the improvement of the ecological environment, and has achieved noticeable ecological results. With regard to tree-planting and grass-growing on barren mountains, hillsides and beaches, the government has enacted a special policy featuring "the lasting and inheritable practice of whoever reclaims the land shall be entitled to operate and get benefit from it." This has encouraged local people to plant trees and grow grass, and guaranteed the rights and interests due to them in eco-environmental amelioration.Investigations on the current status of the ecological environment in the areas of land, wild fauna and flora, plant, insect and wetland resources have been successfully carried out. Eco-environment researchers have begun to monitor and trace the impact of human activities on the ecological environment, carried out various projects such as dynamic remote-sensing monitoring of the eco-environment for comprehensive agricultural development on the middle reaches of the "three rivers", overall survey of the grain pollution caused by residual organochlorine, and investigation on the sources of industrial pollution, and have proposed relevant policies and measures for pollution prevention and control. | |
国家直接投资建设了以改善生态环境为重点的“一江两河”（雅鲁藏布江、拉萨河、年楚河）中部流域农业综合开发工程项目，取得了明显的生态效益。政府专门制定了在荒山、荒坡、荒滩地区植树种草实行“谁开发，谁经营，谁受益，长期不变，允许继承”的政策，鼓励人民群众植树造林和种草，保证了人民群众在改善生态方面应有的权益。西藏相继开展并完成了对土地资源、野生动物资源、植物资源和昆虫资源、湿地资源等生态环境现状的调查。生态环境科学研究开始关注人类活动对生态环境影响的监测和跟踪，开展了如西藏“一江两河”中部流域农业综合开发生态环境遥感动态监测、西藏粮食中有机氯残毒污染普查、工业污染源调查等方面的工作，并提出了污染防治的相关政策措施。 |
Publicity and education concerning ecological improvement and environmental protection have been widely carried out, striking deep roots in the hearts of the people. The media, including radio,television, newspapers and the Internet, have given wide coverage to afforestation, wild animals and plants preservation, and environmental protection. Important commemorative events, such as World Wetlands Day, Arbor Day, Earth Day, World Environment Day and World Desertification and Drought Control Day have drawn the attention of people from all walks of life in Tibet. Lessons on ecological improvement and environmental protection are given in schools, and an effort to establish "green schools" is in full swing. | |
改善生态、保护环境的宣传教育广泛开展、深入人心。广播、电视、报纸、互联网等宣传媒体都把造林绿化、保护野生动植物、保护环境作为重要栏目，加大宣传报道力度。世界湿地日、植树节、地球日、世界环境日、世界防治荒漠化与干旱日等重要纪念日受到西藏各界的关注。生态建设和环境保护的知识进入课堂，“绿色学校”创建活动全面开展。 |
Concern from the Central Government and support from people throughout the country have enabled Tibet to embark upon a new phase in its ecological improvement and environmental protection undertakings. The Central Government called the Third Forum on Work in Tibet in 1994, and made an important decision to extend the support of the whole nation to Tibet under the care of the Central Government, which has given a powerful impetus to accelerating the ecological improvement and environmental protection work there. | |
——中央政府的关心、全国人民的支持，使西藏的生态建设和环境保护事业进入新的阶段。1994年，中央政府召开第三次西藏工作座谈会，做出了中央关心西藏、全国支援西藏的重大决策，有力地推动了西藏生态建设和环境保护事业的快速发展。 |
Since the 1990s, the State Environmental Protection Administration has organized environmental protection departments throughout the country to support Tibet in enhancing its environmental protection capability, helped build environment monitoring stations in the Autonomous Region, in the cities of Lhasa and Xigaze and in Qamdo Prefecture, helped train large numbers of technical and administrative personnel in the field of environmental protection, and helped formulate an ecological protection and pollution control plan. In the "National Plan for Eco-environmental Improvement" and the "National Program for Eco-environmental Protection" formulated by the State Council respectively in 1998 and 2000, great attention has been paid to ecological improvement and environmental protection in Tibet, and a separate plan has been drawn up to make the freeze thawing zone on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau one of the country's eight major areas for ecological improvement, complete with the proposition of a suite of explicit tasks and principles for work in this regard. On the basis of this, the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region formulated the "Eco-environmental Improvement Plan of the Tibet Autonomous Region" in 2000, which has provided an overall program and arrangement for Tibet's eco-environmental improvement. After the State decided to adopt the great western development strategy, the Central Government held the Fourth Forum on Work in Tibet in 2001, and further increased investment in ecological improvement projects in Tibet. From the perspective of attaining sustainable development in Tibet, it has been expressly stipulated that tourism and green agriculture be developed as the pillar industries for promoting economic growth in Tibet. | |
国家环保总局自二十世纪九十年代以来组织全国环保系统支援西藏环保能力建设，帮助建设了自治区、拉萨市、日喀则市、昌都地区环境监测站，帮助培训了大批环保技术、管理人员，帮助编制了生态保护与污染治理规划。国务院在1998年和2000年制定的《全国生态环境建设规划》和《全国生态环境保护纲要》，对西藏的生态建设和环境保护工作给予了高度重视，将青藏高原冻融区作为全国八大生态建设区之一，进行专门规划，提出明确的建设任务和建设原则。据此，西藏自治区人民政府于2000年制定了《西藏自治区生态环境建设规划》，对西藏的生态环境建设进行全面规划和部署。国家实施西部大开发战略后，中央政府于2001年召开第四次西藏工作座谈会，进一步加大了对西藏生态建设投资力度，西藏从实现可持续发展的角度出发，明确把发展旅游、绿色农业等作为推动地区经济增长的支柱产业。 |
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国家加大对西藏生态建设和环境保护的投入，加强了生态环境领域的执法监督。统计表明，1996年以来，中央政府仅在西藏生态建设项目方面的投资就达3.68亿元。与此同时，天然林资源保护工程、退耕还林还草工程、拉萨市及周边地区造林绿化工程、野生动植物保护及自然保护区建设工程等一大批生态工程项目相继实施，有效地改善了西藏的生态环境。 |
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半个多世纪以来，西藏的生态建设和环境保护事业从无到有，不断发展，实现了从自发到自觉，从被动到主动，从盲目到科学的质的飞跃。据国家有关部门2000年公布的生态环境状况公报，西藏的环境质量保持在良好状态，大部分地区基本处于原生状态，是世界天然环境最好的地区之一。 |
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| II. Ecological Improvement and Biodiversity Protection | | 二、生态建设与生物多样性保护 |
The positive efforts made by the Tibet Autonomous Region for ecological improvement and biodiversity protection in the past five decades or more have been crowned with signal success. | |
半个多世纪以来，西藏自治区为生态建设和生物多样性保护做出了积极的努力，取得了显著成就。 |
Natural grassland is rationally utilized and the active grassland ecological protection is effective. Tibet contains one of the five largest pasturelands in China. It has 82.07 million hectares of natural grassland, representing about 21% of the total natural grassland of the country and 68.11% of the total land area of Tibet. According to the first national survey of grassland resources, the variety of grassland in Tibet ranks first among all provinces and autonomous regions. Of the 18 types of grassland in the country, Tibet has 17. To protect the grassland ecology is an important link in preserving a complete and orderly chain of ecology on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. | |
——天然草地得到合理利用，草原生态保护积极有效。西藏是中国五大牧区之一，有天然草地8207万公顷，约占全国天然草地面积的21%，占西藏土地总面积的68.11%。根据全国首次统一草地资源调查，西藏拥有草地种类居全国各省、自治区之首，在全国18个草地类中，西藏就占有17个草地类。保护好草原生态，是保持青藏高原生态链完整有序的重要一环。 |
Though the grassland area in Tibet is very large, its carrying capacity is low. Grassland overload was not significant in the old days in Tibet, because of stagnant population growth, frequent natural calamities, and massive human and livestock deaths in times of snowstorms and other natural disasters. Since the peaceful liberation of Tibet, the average life-span of the local population has expanded remarkably, the population has kept increasing, and as a result the issue of insufficient grass to feed the ever-growing livestock population has begun to appear. Consequently, to keep an ecological balance on the pastureland has gradually become a prominent problem. To ease the contradictions between human beings and farm animals and between grass supply and farm animals, Tibet has taken a succession of measures to strengthen the rational utilization and ecological protection of natural grassland. First, emphasis has been placed on fencing and building water conservancy projects on natural grassland, and raising both the output level of grassland and its carrying capacity per unit area. Secondly, a pasture responsibility system has been implemented. In line with the principle of limiting the number of grazing animals by the size of the pasture, rotation grazing periods, rotation grazing areas and "no-grazing areas" have been designated. Efforts have been made to increase the market availability rate of the livestock and to effectively protect natural pastures by strictly prohibiting over-grazing. Thirdly, man-made grassland is being promoted so as to ease the pressure brought to bear on natural grassland by the ever-growing livestock population. Fourthly, efforts are being intensified to prevent or control hazards caused by mice, insects and poisonous weeds, and to maintain the natural ecological balance of the grassland by utilizing scientific means, and artificial and biological technologies. Fifthly, to enhance grassland amelioration in the pastoral areas, change the nomadic way of production, speed up economic development in pastoral areas and improve herdsmen's living standards, projects to construct grassland in the pastoral areas, build permanent settlements for roving herdsmen, and restore and improve natural grassland have been launched since 2001. These measures not only have steadily raised the income of farmers and herdsmen and enhanced their living standards, but also ensured the sound development of the grassland ecology. | |
西藏的草地面积虽大，但载畜能力较低。在旧西藏，由于人口增长处于停滞状态，自然灾害频繁，每逢雪灾等天灾来临，往往造成大量人畜死亡，草场超载现象并不突出。西藏和平解放后，西藏的人均寿命显著提高，人口数量不断增加，草畜矛盾开始出现，保持草原生态平衡成为日渐突出的问题。为解决好人畜和草畜矛盾，西藏采取了一系列措施，加强天然草地的合理利用和生态保护。一是重点对天然草地开展围栏和水利建设，全面提高草地的产出水平和单位面积的载畜能力；二是实施草场责任制，按照以草定畜的原则，划定轮牧期、轮牧区和禁牧区，加大牲畜出栏，严禁草场的超载过牧，使天然草地得到有效保护；三是建设人工草地，减轻牲畜数量增加对自然草地的压力；四是运用科学手段，采取人工和生物等技术，加大对鼠害、虫害、毒草的预防和治理，维护草地的自然生态平衡 ;五是为加强西藏牧区草原建设，转变游牧民生产方式，加快牧区经济发展，提高牧民生活水平，从2001年起开始在西藏实施牧区草原建设、游牧民定居工程以及天然草原恢复和建设项目。这些措施既保障了农牧民收入和生活水平的稳步提高，又确保了草原生态的良性发展。 |
Protecting natural forest resources, carrying out afforestation and improving the ecological environment. Tibet boasts 7.17 million ha. of forest, and the stocking volume has reached 2.091 billion cu m. Tibet has the largest primitive forest in China. To protect Tibet's ecological environment, the government exercises a "felling by quota" policy, and strictly controls the scale of tree-felling in forests. The annual felling amount for commercial purpose is limited to 150,000 cu m. Simultaneously, a rotation system is in place for lumbering bases so as to help restore vegetation. A project for the protection of natural forest resources on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Tibet, with a total area of 31,000 sq. km, has been implemented in the three counties of Jomda, Gonjo and Markam that have a weighty bearing on the ecology of the lower Yangtze valley. In 28 counties along the upper reaches of the Jinsha, Lancang and Nujiang rivers and the catchment area of the Yarlungzangbo River, where the hazards of sandstorm and soil erosion are serious, a project to restore farmland to forest is being undertaken, under which 52,000 ha. of cultivated land will be restored to forest and trees planted on 53,000 ha. of barren mountains and wasteland. By 2002, some 6,700 ha. of cultivated land had been restored to forest and 6,700 ha. of barren mountains and wasteland afforested.The government is also striving to promote the development of energy substitutes and fuel forests, and popularize solar energy in order to protect natural bush vegetation. | |
——保护天然林资源，开展植树造林，改善生态环境。西藏森林面积717万公顷，活立木蓄积量达20.91亿立方米，保存有中国最大的原始森林。为了保护西藏的生态环境，政府实行限额采伐，以严格控制森林的采伐规模，每年的商品性采伐量一直控制在15万立方米以内。同时，对采伐基地进行及时更新，恢复森林植被。在影响长江下游生态的江达、贡觉、芒康三个县实施西藏长江上游天然林资源保护工程，总面积达3.1万平方公里。在风沙危害和水土流失严重的金沙江、澜沧江、怒江上游及雅鲁藏布江流域的28个县实施退耕还林工程，规划退耕地造林5.2万公顷，宜林荒山荒地造林5.3万公顷，2002年已实施退耕地造林0.67万公顷，宜林荒山荒地造林0.67万公顷。政府还大力推行能源替代建设，营造薪炭林，推广太阳能以保护天然灌木植被。 |
It has become the conscious action of the people in Tibet to join afforestation efforts. The government of the Tibet Autonomous Region has formulated the "Forestation Plan of the Tibet Autonomous Region" and the "Opinions on Acceleration of Afforestation." The people of the whole region are making efforts by starting with the improvement of their living environments, first of all by greening their courtyards, streets and urban environment in general, and eventually building green belts in river catchment areas where human activities are concentrated, and along major highways. The results have been remarkable. According to a survey, over the past 50-plus years some 70,000 ha. of land have been afforested in Tibet, 90 million trees have been planted beside villages, houses, roads and waterways, and 1.5 million cashtrees have been grown. | |
植树造林已成为西藏广大人民的自觉行动。西藏自治区先后制定了《西藏自治区造林绿化规划》和《关于加快造林绿化步伐的意见》，全区人民共同努力，从改善人们的周边生活环境做起，从绿化庭院、街道、城市环境，到建设人类活动集中的河谷地带及各主要公路沿线绿色走廊，植树造林成效显著。据统计，五十多年来，西藏人工造林7万多公顷，“四旁”（村旁、宅旁、路旁、水旁）植树9000多万株，种植经济林木150多万株。 |
Afforestation and ecological projects have been launched steadily. Implementation of the key projects, such as the afforestation project in Lhasa and its outskirts, the construction of the shelter-forest system of the Yarlungzangbo River, the pilot project of the Yangtze River shelter-forest system in Markam and the pilot project for controlling sand by afforestation in Xigaze,has, to a great extent, improved the natural eco-environment of those localities. Since 1996, the State has begun to build a shelter-forest system along the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River. By 2000, it had invested more than 3.7 million yuan in the project, actively supporting Tibet in building man-made forests and sealing off mountainous areas to facilitate afforestation as appropriate to local conditions. The afforested area has topped 13,000 ha., which, as a result, has played a positive role in improving local residents' working and living conditions. Following implementation of the project for the construction of the shelter-forest system of the Yarlungzangbo River, which is part of the key "three rivers" agricultural development undertaking, a man-made forest belt measuring several hundred km from Xigaze to Zetang on the upper reaches of the Yarlungzangbo River has been formed. Now, a new spectacular scene,the belt plays a positive role in conserving water and topsoil along the Yarlungzangbo River.
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工程造林和生态工程项目不断实施。拉萨及周边地区造林绿化工程、雅鲁藏布江防护林体系建设工程、芒康长江防护林体系建设试点示范工程、日喀则林业治沙示范工程等重点项目的实施，在很大程度上改善了所在区域的自然生态环境。从1996年开始，国家开始在西藏实施长江上中游防护林体系建设工程，截止2000年，共投入资金370多万元，积极支持西藏地方因地制宜地开展人工造林、封山育林，累计造林面积达1.3万多公顷，为改善当地群众生产生活条件发挥了良好的作用。隶属“一江两河”农业开发重点项目的雅鲁藏布江防护林体系建设工程实施后，形成了从上游的日喀则到泽当几百公里的人工林带，成为西藏一道新的亮丽景观，对雅鲁藏布江的水土保持起到了积极的作用。
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