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The History and Development of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
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新疆生产建设兵团的历史与发展
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The History and Development of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps | | 新疆生产建设兵团的历史与发展 |
| （State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China October 2014, Beijing） | | （2014年10月 国务院新闻办公室） |
| Contents | | 目录 |
| Preface | | 前言 |
| I. Founding and Development | | 一、建立与发展 |
| II. Responsibilities and Structure | | 二、职责与体制 |
| III. Development and Construction | | 三、开发与建设 |
| IV. Safeguard the Frontier, Maintain Stability, and Promote Ethnic Unity | | 四、维稳戍边与促进民族团结 |
| Preface | | 前言 |
| The practice of stationing garrison troops to cultivate and guard its border areas is a legacy of China's several thousand years of history of developing and safeguarding its frontiers. The central government first adopted this practice on a large scale in what is known as the Western Regions (the major part of which was today's Xinjiang) more than 2,000 years ago, during China's Western Han Dynasty, and it continues to this day. In 1949 Xinjiang was peacefully liberated. In 1954 the central government decided to form a production and construction corps in Xinjiang. This strategic move conformed to national conditions and the realities of Xinjiang, representing a continuation and development of historical experience under new conditions. | | 屯垦戍边是中国几千年开发和保卫边疆的历史遗产。中央政府在西域新疆大规模屯垦戍边始于2000多年前的西汉，以后历代沿袭。1949年新疆和平解放，1954年中央政府决定在新疆成立生产建设兵团。这是符合中国国情和新疆实际的战略举措，也是历史经验在新的历史条件下的继承和发展。 |
| The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) started from scratch 60 years ago. It has since made strenuous efforts to fulfill faithfully the responsibilities the state has entrusted to it to cultivate and guard the border areas. Despite a harsh natural environment, XPCC workers put down roots in Xinjiang. They have reclaimed ecological oases from the desolate Gobi desert, initiated Xinjiang's modernization, built large-scale agriculture and industrial and mining enterprises, and established new cities and towns through joining hands with local people of all ethnic groups. Combining the functions of production, administration, and defense, the XPCC has made indelible contributions to the development of Xinjiang, by promoting unity among ethnic groups, maintaining social stability, and strengthening national border defense. | | 60年来，新疆生产建设兵团白手起家，艰苦奋斗，忠实履行着国家赋予的屯垦戍边的光荣使命。广大兵团军垦职工栉风沐雨，扎根边疆，同当地各族人民一道，把亘古戈壁荒漠改造成生态绿洲，开创了新疆现代化事业、建成了规模化大农业、兴办大型工矿企业，建起了一座座新型城镇，充分发挥了生产队、工作队、战斗队的作用。兵团为推动新疆发展、增进民族团结、维护社会稳定、巩固国家边防作出了不可磨灭的历史贡献。 |
| On the 60th anniversary of the founding of the XPCC, we issue this white paper which presents a comprehensive introduction to the history and development of the XPCC, to give the international community a better knowledge of its functions and nature as a social organization, and of XPCC members as a social group. | | 值此新疆生产建设兵团成立60周年之际，特发表白皮书，全面介绍兵团的历史和发展状况，以助国际社会了解和认识兵团发挥什么样的作用、兵团是一个什么样的社会组织、兵团人是一个什么样的社会群体。 |
| I. Founding and Development | | 一、建立与发展 |
| Xinjiang is situated in the border areas of northwest China. Founding of the XPCC occurred under a special geographical and historical background. | | 新疆地处中国西北边陲。新疆生产建设兵团是在特殊的地理、历史背景下成立的。 |
| When Xinjiang was peacefully liberated in 1949, the region featured a natural economy, with farming and animal husbandry as the mainstay. Productivity was low and the mode of production was backward. Development was stalled and local residents lived in poverty. Aiming to consolidate border defense, accelerate Xinjiang's development, and reduce the economic burden on the local government and local residents of all ethnic groups, in January 1950 the People's Liberation Army (PLA) units stationed in Xinjiang started focusing their efforts on production and construction. By the end of that year they had become largely self-sufficient in grains and fully self-sufficient in edible oil and vegetables. In 1953 the Xinjiang Military District reorganized its troops into two divisions: defense troops and production troops. The latter had 43 regimental agricultural and stock raising farms and 77,260 hectares of farmland. The production troops also set up industrial, transport, construction, and commercial enterprises, as well as public institutions of science and technology, education, health, and culture, so paving the way for the founding of the Production and Construction Corps. | | 1949年新疆和平解放时，当地经济是以农牧业为主体的自然经济，生产力水平低下，生产方式落后，发展处于停滞状态，人民生活贫苦不堪。为巩固边防、加快发展，减轻新疆当地政府和各族人民的经济负担，1950年1月，驻新疆人民解放军将主要力量投入到生产建设之中，当年实现粮食大部分自给、食油蔬菜全部自给。1953年，新疆军区将所属部队整编为国防部队和生产部队两个部分，其中生产部队建有军垦农牧团场43个，拥有耕地77.26千公顷。同时还兴办工业、交通、建筑、商业企业和科技、教育、文化、卫生等事业单位，为之后组建生产建设兵团奠定了基础。 |
| In October 1954 the central government ordered the demobilization of most of the PLA Second, Fifth, and Sixth Armies and all of the 22nd Army Group in Xinjiang, and their separation from the setups of the national defense forces to form the Production and Construction Corps of the Xinjiang Military District of the PLA, subject to the dual leadership of the Xinjiang Military District and the Xinjiang Sub-bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The XPCC's missions were to carry out both production and militia duties, and to cultivate and guard the border areas. Henceforth the XPCC officially commenced its building of state-run agricultural and stock raising farms, and transformed from military self-sufficient production to production as an enterprise, incorporated into national planning. The XPCC had an initial population of 175,500, later swelled by large numbers of youth, demobilized military personnel, intellectuals, scientists, and technicians. As of May 1956 the XPCC was subordinated to the dual leadership of the Ministry of Land Reclamation and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. | | 1954年10月，中央政府命令驻新疆人民解放军第二、第六军大部，第五军大部，第二十二兵团全部，集体就地转业，脱离国防部队序列，组建“中国人民解放军新疆军区生产建设兵团”，接受新疆军区和中共中央新疆分局双重领导，其使命是劳武结合、屯垦戍边。兵团由此开始正规化国营农牧团场的建设，由原军队自给性生产转为企业化生产，并正式纳入国家计划。当时，兵团总人口17.55万。此后，全国各地大批优秀青壮年、复转军人、知识分子、科技人员加入兵团行列，投身新疆建设。从1956年5月起，兵团受国家农垦部和新疆维吾尔自治区双重领导。 |
| In 1962 some local residents in Xinjiang's Ili and Tacheng crossed the frontier. By order of the state, the XPCC dispatched more than 17,000 officials and workers to Ili and Tacheng to maintain public order and tend the farmland and livestock of those who had fled. They quickly set up a belt of regimental farms ranging from 10 to 30 kilometers in breadth along the more than 2,000-kilometer-long boundaries of Ili, Tacheng, Altay, Hami, and Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. They played a crucial role in maintaining stability in Xinjiang, safeguarding national border security, and improving China's strategic position in its northwest border defense. By the end of 1966, the Corps had 158 regimental agricultural and stock raising farms, with a population of 1,485,400. | | 1962年，新疆伊犁、塔城地区先后发生了边民越境事件。根据国家部署，兵团调遣了1.7万余名干部、职工奔赴当地维护社会治安，施行代耕、代牧、代管，并迅速在新疆伊犁、塔城、阿勒泰、哈密地区和博尔塔拉蒙古自治州等长达2000多公里的边境沿线建立了纵深10公里到30公里的边境团场带。这对于稳定新疆、维护国家边防安全发挥了不可替代的重要作用，改善了国家西北边防的战略态势。到1966年底，兵团总人口达到148.54万，拥有农牧团场158个。 |
| During the "cultural revolution" (1966-1976), the XPCC suffered serious disruption in fulfilling its mission of cultivating and guarding the border areas. In March 1975 the Corps was dissolved. The General Administration of Land Reclamation of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region was founded to take charge of state-run agricultural and stock raising farms in Xinjiang. In December 1981 the central government decided to restore the production and construction corps organizational system. It renamed the Production and Construction Corps of the Xinjiang Military District of the PLA the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. The Corps then recommenced its pioneering work. Over the past 30 years or more, the XPCC has introduced reforms by expediting the general contract responsibility system and the enterprise contract responsibility system and setting up workers' household farms. It has also developed diverse sectors of the economy, promoted industrial development and established new cities and towns. The XPCC has thus scaled new heights of progress in its endeavor to cultivate and guard the border areas. | | “文化大革命”（1966－1976年）期间，兵团屯垦戍边事业受到严重破坏。1975年3月，兵团建制被撤销，成立新疆维吾尔自治区农垦总局，主管全疆国营农牧团场的业务工作。1981年12月，中央政府决定恢复兵团建制，名称由原有的“中国人民解放军新疆军区生产建设兵团”改为“新疆生产建设兵团”，兵团开始了二次创业。30多年时间里，兵团对国有农牧场进行了大包干责任制、兴办职工家庭农场、企业承包经营责任制、发展多种经济成分等方面的改革，兴办工业，建设城镇，兵团的屯垦戍边事业不断迈向新的阶段。 |
| Over the past 60 years, in fulfilling its mission the XPCC has adhered to the principle of "not competing for benefits with the local people." The XPCC reclaimed farmland and successively built regimental agricultural and stock raising farms in the Gobi desert to the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, and in the harsh natural environment of the desolate border areas. The XPCC has gradually established a multi-sector industrial system encompassing food processing, light industry, textiles, iron and steel, coal, building materials, electricity, chemicals, and machinery. It has also achieved significant progress in education, science and technology, culture, health, and other public sectors. By the end of 2013, the XPCC had 176 regiments, 14 divisions, an area of 70,600 square kilometers under its administration, including 1,244,770 hectares of farmland, and a population of 2,701,400, accounting for 11.9% of Xinjiang's total population. | | 60年来，兵团以屯垦戍边为使命，遵循“不与民争利”的原则，在天山南北的戈壁荒漠和人烟稀少、环境恶劣的边境沿线，开荒造田，建成了一个个农牧团场，逐步建立起涵盖食品加工、轻工纺织、钢铁、煤炭、建材、电力、化工、机械等门类的工业体系，教育、科技、文化、卫生等各项社会事业取得长足发展。截至2013年底，兵团下辖14个师，176个团，辖区面积7.06万平方公里，耕地1244.77千公顷，总人口270.14万，占新疆总人口的11.9%。 |
| II. Responsibilities and Structure | | 二、职责与体制 |
| Constituting as it does an important part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the XPCC assumes the responsibilities entrusted to it by the state of cultivating and guarding the border areas, and operates an administrative system with unified Party, government, military, and enterprise roles. It is a special social organization that handles its own administrative and judicial affairs within the reclamation areas under its administration, in accordance with the laws and regulations of the state and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, with economic planning directly supervised by the state. It is subordinated to the dual leadership of the central government and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. | | 新疆生产建设兵团是新疆维吾尔自治区的重要组成部分。兵团承担着国家赋予的屯垦戍边职责，实行党政军企合一体制，是在自己所辖垦区内，依照国家和新疆维吾尔自治区的法律、法规，自行管理内部行政、司法事务，在国家实行计划单列的特殊社会组织，受中央政府和新疆维吾尔自治区双重领导。 |
| In the course of fulfilling its responsibility to cultivate the border areas, the XPCC has focused on modern agricultural development while expanding secondary and tertiary industries, with emphatic efforts toward protecting and improving the ecological environment and promoting social progress and unity among ethnic groups in Xinjiang. In its endeavor to guard the border areas, the XPCC has strengthened national border defense while maintaining national unity and Xinjiang's social stability, and guarding against and cracking down on criminal sabotage activities by terrorist forces. Since the 1980s separatist, religious extremist and terrorist forces and their sabotage activities have become a major threat to national unity and to Xinjiang's social stability. They are hence the focus of the work of the XPCC in guarding the border areas. | | 屯垦戍边是国家赋予兵团的职责。兵团的“屯垦”，以现代农业开发为基础，同时大力发展第二、第三产业，着重保护和改善生态环境，促进新疆的社会进步与民族团结。兵团的“戍边”，一方面守卫国家边防，另一方面维护国家统一和新疆社会稳定，防范和打击恐怖势力的犯罪破坏活动。20世纪80年代后，分裂势力、宗教极端势力、暴力恐怖势力等“三股势力”及其破坏活动成为影响新疆社会稳定、危害国家统一的严重威胁，兵团戍边的重点转移到防范和打击“三股势力”破坏活动的任务上。 |
| In 1990 the central government approved the placing of XPCC economic planning under direct state supervision. The XPCC remains an important component of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is subject to its leadership while under the management of relevant departments of the central government. The adoption of such a dual leadership system signifies an innovative reform in the Corps' administrative subordination, one which facilitates the coordination of leadership over the Corps between the central government and the autonomous region government, and the Corps' fulfillment of its responsibilities, and betters the relations between the Corps and relevant departments of the central authorities, thus promoting the Corps' development. Over the years, the central government has granted policy support and funding to the XPCC in the fields of public services, public security, education, science and technology, culture, health, agriculture, forestry, and water conservancy, so injecting great energy and new vitality into the economic and social development of the XPCC. | | 1990年中央政府批准兵团在国家实行计划单列。兵团在继续作为新疆维吾尔自治区的重要组成部分、接受自治区领导的同时，逐渐由中央政府有关部门对口管理。这种双重领导体制的建立，是兵团行政隶属关系上的创造性变革，有利于中央与自治区对兵团的协调领导，有利于兵团履行肩负的各项职责，理顺了兵团与国家机关各部门的关系，进一步推动了兵团事业的发展。多年来，中央政府对兵团在公共服务和公共安全、教科文卫、农林水事务等领域给予政策支持和资金投入，为兵团经济社会发展注入了强大的活力和新的生命力。 |
| The XPCC operates a special administrative system with unified Party, government, military, and enterprise roles. Party organizations have been set up at each level of the Corps to exercise leadership over all its undertakings. The XPCC has administrative and judicial organs to handle its specific administrative and judicial affairs. The Corps is a paramilitary entity with military organs and armed forces units wherein the militias are the mainstay. It is organized in a military structure of corps, divisions, regiments, and companies, whose commanders have corresponding military titles. The XPCC, also known as the China Xinjian Group, is a large state-owned enterprise engaged in agriculture, industry, transport, building, and commerce, and at the same time assumes state assigned economic tasks. The XPCC's leadership combines the functions of the Party, government, military, and enterprise. | | 兵团实行党政军企高度统一的特殊管理体制。兵团各级都建有中国共产党的组织，发挥着对兵团各项事业的领导作用。兵团设有行政机关和政法机关，自行管理内部行政、司法事务。兵团是一个“准军事实体”，设有军事机关和武装机构，沿用兵团、师、团、连等军队建制和司令员、师长、团长、连长等军队职务称谓，涵养着一支以民兵为主的武装力量。兵团也称为“中国新建集团公司”，是集农业、工业、交通、建筑、商业，承担经济建设任务的国有大型企业。兵团的党、政、军、企四套领导机构与四项职能合为一体。 |
The XPCC has fully integrated into Xinjiang society. Its division and regimental farms, subordinate enterprises and public institutions, administered by the Corps in a top-down model of leadership and vertical management, are widely distributed in the prefectures, cities, and counties of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. In reclamation areas, which feature important strategic positions, concentrated distribution of regimental farms, considerable economic strength, and great development potential, the XPCC has set up seven county-level divisions/cities directly administered by Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and five regiments/towns, which are administered by the Corps at different levels. Each division/city or regiment/town has Party leadership and government administration functions integrated into one unit.
．．．．．． | | 兵团全面融入新疆社会，所属师、团场及企事业单位分布于新疆维吾尔自治区各地（州）、市、县（市）行政区内，主要由兵团自上而下地实行统一领导和垂直管理。在战略地位重要、团场集中连片、经济基础好、发展潜力大的垦区，设有7个“师市合一”的新疆维吾尔自治区直辖县级市和5个“团（场）镇合一”的建制镇，由兵团实行统一分级管理。“师和市”、“团（场）和镇”党政机构设置均实行“一个机构、两块牌子”。
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