| Notice by the Supreme People's Procuratorate of Issuing the Seventeenth Group of Guiding Cases Published by the Supreme People's Procuratorate | | 最高人民检察院关于印发最高人民检察院第十七批指导性案例的通知 |
| The people's procuratorates at all levels: | | 各级人民检察院： |
| As decided at the 21st Meeting of the 13th Procuratorial Committee of the Supreme People's Procuratorate on July 10, 2019, the following three cases (Guiding Cases No. 64-66 of the Supreme People's Procuratorate), including a case of illegal collection of public deposits by Yang Weiguo and other persons, are hereby issued as the seventeenth group of guiding cases for reference purposes. | | 经2019年7月10日最高人民检察院第十三届检察委员会第二十一次会议决定，现将杨卫国等人非法吸收公众存款案等三件指导性案例（检例第64—66号）作为第十七批指导性案例发布，供参照适用。 |
| Supreme People's Procuratorate | | 最高人民检察院 |
| February 5, 2020 | | 2020年2月5日 |
| 1. People v. Yang Weiguo and Other Persons for Illegal Collection of Public Deposits | | 1.杨卫国等人非法吸收公众存款案 |
| (Guiding Case No. 64 of the Supreme People's Procuratorate) | | （检例第64号） |
| [Keywords] | | 【关键词】 |
| Illegal collection of public deposits; Peer-to-Peer lending (P2P lending); capital pool | | 非法吸收公众存款 网络借贷 资金池 |
| [Key Point] | | 【要旨】 |
| Where an entity or individual, in the name of carrying out P2P lending information intermediary business and without obtaining approval according to the law, collects funds from unspecific investors and sets up a capital pool, controls and distributes funds in the capital pool, and promises to repay the principal and interest, the entity or individual is guilty of illegal collection of public deposits. | | 单位或个人假借开展网络借贷信息中介业务之名，未经依法批准，归集不特定公众的资金设立资金池，控制、支配资金池中的资金，并承诺还本付息的，构成非法吸收公众存款罪。 |
| [Basic Facts] | | 【基本案情】 |
| Defendant, Yang Weiguo, male, legal representative and actual controller of Zhejiang Wangzhou Group Co., Ltd. | | 被告人杨卫国，男，浙江望洲集团有限公司法定代表人、实际控制人。 |
| Defendant, Zhang Wenting, female, cashier of Zhejiang Wangzhou Group Co., Ltd., mainly responsible for helping Yang Weiguo dispatch and use the illegally collected funds. | | 被告人张雯婷，女，浙江望洲集团有限公司出纳，主要负责协助杨卫国调度、使用非法吸收的资金。 |
| Defendant, Liu Beilei, female, general manager of Shanghai Wangzhou Wealth Investment Management Co., Ltd., responsible for business of the Company. | | 被告人刘蓓蕾，女，上海望洲财富投资管理有限公司总经理，负责该公司业务。 |
| Defendant, Wu Meng, female, manager of Zhejiang Wangzhou Group Co., Ltd. and person-in-charge of the Clearing Center of Wangzhou Group, responsible for the relevant business of capital pool operation. | | 被告人吴梦，女，浙江望洲集团有限公司经理、望洲集团清算中心负责人，主要负责资金池运作有关业务。 |
| Zhejiang Wangzhou Group Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “Wangzhou Group”) was formed on February 28, 2013 and defendant Yang Weiguo was the legal representative and chairman of the board of the Company. From September 2013, Wangzhou Group started to carry out activities of illegally collecting public deposits in the offline channel. In 2014, by making use of the company he actually controlled, Yang Weiguo successively formed Shanghai Wangzhou Wealth Investment and Management Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “Wangzhou Wealth”) and Wangzhou Puhui Investment Management Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “Wangzhou Puhui”), which carried out activities of illegally collecting public deposits in the online and offline channels. Wangzhou Puhui was mainly responsible for developing credit clients (borrowers) and Wangzhou Wealth was responsible for developing unspecific public to wealth management clients (lenders). According to various terms of wealth management products, funds were raised at the annualized ratio of returns at 7% to 15%. In the offline channel, Wangzhou Group opened stores in provinces and cities across the country and conducted publicity by handing out leaflets, holding annual meetings, and releasing advertisements. The wealth management clients made investment by signing an agreement on the transfer of creditor's rights with Yang Weiguo or matching the borrowing demand of credit clients made up by Wangzhou Group, and transferred the invested money to 42 bank accounts of Yang Weiguo, which was used by Wangzhou Group in repaying the principal and interest and carrying out production and operation activities. In the online channel, Wangzhou Group and its affiliated companies carried out publicity in the name of P2P lending information intermediary activities. According to the requirements of Wangzhou Group, wealth management clients opened virtual accounts on a third-party payment platform and bound their bank accounts. After selecting an investment project, the wealth management client transferred the invested money from his personal bank account to the virtual account on the third-party payment platform for investment activities. Wangzhou Group, Yang Weiguo, and the guarantee company actually controlled by Wangzhou Group provided guarantee for the creditor's rights of wealth management clients. Wangzhou Group allocated the funds in the virtual accounts of wealth management clients, transferred the funds to be lent and the funds for repaying the principal and interest to the corresponding accounts of wealth management clients and credit clients and the surplus funds directly to the custody account opened for Yang Weiguo on the third party payment platform. Then, the surplus funds were transferred to the personal bank account of Yang Weiguo, mixed up with funds from the offline channel, and were controlled and used by Wangzhou Group. | | 浙江望洲集团有限公司（以下简称望洲集团）于2013年2月28日成立，被告人杨卫国为法定代表人、董事长。自2013年9月起，望洲集团开始在线下进行非法吸收公众存款活动。2014年，杨卫国利用其实际控制的公司又先后成立上海望洲财富投资管理有限公司（以下简称望洲财富）、望洲普惠投资管理有限公司（以下简称望洲普惠），通过线下和线上两个渠道开展非法吸收公众存款活动。其中，望洲普惠主要负责发展信贷客户（借款人），望洲财富负责发展不特定社会公众成为理财客户（出借人），根据理财产品的不同期限约定7%－15%不等的年化利率募集资金。在线下渠道，望洲集团在全国多个省、市开设门店，采用发放宣传单、举办年会、发布广告等方式进行宣传，理财客户或者通过与杨卫国签订债权转让协议，或者通过匹配望洲集团虚构的信贷客户借款需求进行投资，将投资款转账至杨卫国个人名下42个银行账户，被望洲集团用于还本付息、生产经营等活动。在线上渠道，望洲集团及其关联公司以网络借贷信息中介活动的名义进行宣传，理财客户根据望洲集团的要求在第三方支付平台上开设虚拟账户并绑定银行账户。理财客户选定投资项目后将投资款从银行账户转入第三方支付平台的虚拟账户进行投资活动，望洲集团、杨卫国及望洲集团实际控制的担保公司为理财客户的债权提供担保。望洲集团对理财客户虚拟账户内的资金进行调配，划拨出借资金和还本付息资金到相应理财客户和信贷客户账户，并将剩余资金直接转至杨卫国在第三方支付平台上开设的托管账户，再转账至杨卫国开设的个人银行账户，与线下资金混同，由望洲集团支配使用。 |
| Due to capital chain rupture, Wangzhou Group failed to repay the principal and interest on schedule. Up to April 20, 2016, Wangzhou Group illegally collected public deposits of over CNY6.4 billion from the online and offline channels and failed to repay the funds of CNY2.6 billion and over 13,400 persons were involved in the fund-raising. The public deposits collected in the online channel amounted to over CNY1.1 billion. | | 因资金链断裂，望洲集团无法按期兑付本息。截止到2016年4月20日，望洲集团通过线上、线下两个渠道非法吸收公众存款共计64亿余元，未兑付资金共计26亿余元，涉及集资参与人13400余人。其中，通过线上渠道吸收公众存款11亿余元。 |
| [Charge and Proof of Crime] | | 【指控与证明犯罪】 |
| On February 15, 2017, the People's Procuratorate of Jianggan District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province instituted a public prosecution against four defendants including Yang Weiguo for committing a crime of illegally collecting public deposits. The People's Court of Jianggan District, Hangzhou City held a public trial of this case. | | 2017年2月15日，浙江省杭州市江干区人民检察院以非法吸收公众存款罪对杨卫国等4名被告人依法提起公诉，杭州市江干区人民法院公开开庭审理本案。 |
| In the phase of court investigation, the public prosecutor read the charging instrument, charging the defendants including Yang Weiguo with the crime of illegally collecting public deposits and defendants including Yang Weiguo were interrogated. Yang Weiguo raised no objection to the criminal fact that Wangzhou Group illegally collected public deposits in the offline channel and the nature of such crime. However, he contended that it was normal P2P business carried out by Wangzhou Group on an online platform, the online credit clients were real, and there was no capital pool. Since it was not collection of public deposits, it was unnecessary for Wangzhou Group to obtain a financial license and Wangzhou Group may carry out business activities within the business scope permitted by the business license. With respect to Yang Weiguo's contention, the public prosecutor interrogated defendants by focusing on the circulation of wealth management funds. | | 法庭调查阶段，公诉人宣读起诉书指控杨卫国等被告人的行为构成非法吸收公众存款罪，并对杨卫国等被告人进行讯问。杨卫国对望洲集团通过线下渠道非法吸收公众存款的犯罪事实和性质没有异议，但辩称望洲集团的线上平台经营的是正常P2P业务，线上的信贷客户均真实存在，不存在资金池，不是吸收公众存款，不需要取得金融许可牌照，在营业执照许可的经营范围内即可开展经营。针对杨卫国的辩解，公诉人围绕理财资金的流转对被告人进行了重点讯问。 |
| Public prosecutor: (Yang Weiguo), if the amount of funds from online wealth management clients is greater than that of funds from borrowers, how do you operate? | | 公诉人：（杨卫国）如果线上理财客户进来的资金大于借款方的资金，如何操作？ |
| Yang Weiguo: There are generally two operation methods: they will be kept in the operating platform for clients or they will be transferred to my custody account. If the funds from online wealth management clients are transferred to my custody account, the clients will be unable to withdraw them. If the clients need to withdraw such funds, we will return the funds to their accounts according to their instructions. | | 杨卫国：一般有两种操作方式。一种是停留在客户的操作平台上，另一种是转移到我开设的托管账户。如果转移到托管账户，客户就没有办法自主提取了。如果客户需要提取，我们根据客户指令再将资金返回到客户账户。 |
| Public prosecutor: (Wu Meng), after a wealth management client transfers funds to the virtual account on the third-party payment platform, is the operator of Wangzhou Group able to transfer the funds on the third-party payment platform? | | 公诉人：（吴梦）理财客户充值到第三方支付平台的虚拟账户后，望洲集团操作员是否可以对第三方支付平台上的资金进行划拨。 |
| Wu Meng: Yes. | | 吴梦：可以。 |
| Public prosecutor: (Wu Meng), please describe the patterns for the transfer of such funds. | | 公诉人：（吴梦）请叙述一下划拨资金的方式。 |
| Wu Meng: They will be directly transferred to the accounts of borrowers. If the funds on that day are sufficient, sometimes, they may be transferred to the custody account opened for Yang Weiguo on the third-party payment platform and then be withdrawn to the bank account bound by Yang Weiguo for repaying the principal and interest in the offline channel. | | 吴梦：直接划拨到借款人的账户，如果当天资金充足，有时候会划拨到杨卫国在第三方支付平台上设立的托管账户，再提现到杨卫国绑定的银行账户，用来兑付线下的本息。 |
| The public prosecutor added the following question in the interrogation: (Wu Meng), if the amount of funds from investors is greater than that of funds from borrowers, what will Wangzhou Group do? | | 公诉人补充讯问：（吴梦）如果投资进来的资金大于借款方，如何操作？ |
| Wu Meng: We will freeze some funds and withdraw some of them. The funds are preferentially used to repay the principal and interest of the clients, then allocated to borrowers, and finally withdrawn. | | 吴梦：会对一部分进行冻结，也会提现一部分。资金优先用于归还客户的本息，然后配给借款方，然后再提取。 |
| The confessions of defendants in court proved that Wangzhou Group realized the collection and control, allocation, and use of wealth management clients' funds by directly controlling the virtual accounts of such wealth management clients on the third-party platform and setup of a custody account. In this way, a capital pool was formed. | | 被告人的当庭供述证明，望洲集团通过直接控制理财客户在第三方平台上的虚拟账户和设立托管账户，实现对理财客户资金的归集和控制、支配、使用，形成了资金池。 |
| In the phase of presentation of evidence, the public prosecutor presented evidence to fully prove that the nature of Wangzhou Group's online and offline business activities was illegal collection of public deposits and emphasized on the presentation of evidence on the online business. | | 举证阶段，公诉人出示证据，全面证明望洲集团线上、线下业务活动本质为非法吸收公众存款，并就线上业务相关证据重点举证。 |
| First, the public prosecutor presented such evidence as the documentary evidence, auditing report, electronic data, testimonies of witnesses, confessions and contentions of defendants, proving that Wangzhou Group's online business of collecting clients' funds, setting up a capital pool, and controlling, allocating, and using such funds was not P2P lending information intermediary business. (1) The third-party payment platform granted Wangzhou Group the authority to freeze, transfer, and inquire funds in virtual accounts of all wealth management clients. In the contracts, the wealth management clients also expressly authorized Wangzhou Group to freeze, transfer, and inquire funds in their virtual accounts and the cancellation of such virtual accounts also required the licensing of Wangzhou Group. (2) After the wealth management clients transferred funds to their virtual accounts on the third-party platform, based on the amount of funds lent by wealth management clients and the demands of credit clients for borrowing funds each day, Wangzhou Group conducted artificial matching in a many-to-many manner. When the total amount of funds transferred by wealth management clients was greater than the demands of credit clients for borrowing funds, the surplus funds would be transferred to the custody account opened for Yang Weiguo on the third-party payment platform. After reserving the due principal and interest to be paid on the following day, Wangzhou Group withdrew the surplus funds to the bank account of Yang Weiguo for conducting illegal collection of public deposits in the offline channel or other business activities. (3) The term of borrowing funds by credit clients did not match with the term of lending funds by wealth management clients and there was term mismatching and other problems. (4) Yang Weiguo and the company he controlled promised to provide guarantee for credit clients. When credit clients failed to repay the principal and interest on schedule, Yang Weiguo promised that he would repay the principal and interest for such credit clients within three workdays from the expiration of the term of creditor's rights. In the actual operation, the funds for repaying the principal and interest of lenders were from the custody account in the online channel or the bank accounts of Yang Weiguo for the offline business. (5) Wangzhou Group conducted publicity to unspecific investors in a variety of ways, developed wealth management clients, and promised to repay the principal and interest to wealth management clients by means of expressly indicating the annualized rate of return and providing guarantee. | | 第一，通过出示书证、审计报告、电子数据、证人证言、被告人供述和辩解等证据，证实望洲集团的线上业务归集客户资金设立资金池并进行控制、支配、使用，不是网络借贷信息中介业务。（1）第三方支付平台赋予望洲集团对所有理财客户虚拟账户内的资金进行冻结、划拨、查询的权限。线上理财客户在合同中也明确授权望洲集团对其虚拟账户内的资金进行冻结、划拨、查询，且虚拟账户销户需要望洲集团许可。（2）理财客户将资金转入第三方平台的虚拟账户后，望洲集团每日根据理财客户出借资金和信贷客户的借款需求，以多对多的方式进行人工匹配。当理财客户资金总额大于信贷客户借款需求时，剩余资金划入杨卫国在第三方支付平台开设的托管账户。望洲集团预留第二天需要支付的到期本息后，将剩余资金提现至杨卫国的银行账户，用于线下非法吸收公众存款活动或其他经营活动。（3）信贷客户的借款期限与理财客户的出借期限不匹配，存在期限错配等问题。（4）杨卫国及其控制的公司承诺为信贷客户提供担保，当信贷客户不能按时还本付息时，杨卫国保证在债权期限届满之日起3个工作日内代为偿还本金和利息。实际操作中，归还出借人的资金都来自于线上的托管账户或者杨卫国用于线下经营的银行账户。（5）望洲集团通过多种途径向不特定公众进行宣传，发展理财客户，并通过明示年化收益率、提供担保等方式承诺向理财客户还本付息。 |
| Second, the public prosecutor presented such evidence as the lists of balances in the accounts of wealth management clients and the accounts of credit clients, the list of seized articles, the photos of bank cards, the transaction records of bank cards, the auditing reports, the testimonies of witnesses, and the confessions and contentions of defendants, proving the flow of funds in the capital pool: (1) Except for repayment of the principal and interest, the funds collected by Wangzhou Group were mainly used for expanding the operation business of its affiliated companies. (2) The funds of Wangzhou Group from the online and offline channels were mixed and used to mutually make up insufficiency. The funds withdrawn by Wangzhou Group from the third-party payment platform to the bank account of Yang Weiguo amounted to over CNY270 million and the funds transferred from Yang Weiguo's personal bank account to the third-party payment platform amounted to over CNY200 million. (3) Wangzhou Group used the funds it collected in projects it invested and a small part of such funds were used in personal expenditures. When the case arose, wealth management clients in both online and offline channels encountered difficulties in redemption of funds. | | 第二，通过出示理财、信贷余额列表，扣押清单，银行卡照片，银行卡交易明细，审计报告，证人证言，被告人供述和辩解等证据，证实望洲集团资金池内的资金去向：（1）望洲集团吸收的资金除用于还本付息外，主要用于扩大望洲集团下属公司的经营业务。（2）望洲集团线上资金与线下资金混同使用，互相弥补资金不足，望洲集团从第三方支付平台提现到杨卫国银行账户资金为2.7亿余元，杨卫国个人银行账户转入第三方支付平台资金为2亿余元。（3）望洲集团将吸收的资金用于公司自身的投资项目，并有少部分用于个人支出，案发时线下、线上的理财客户均遭遇资金兑付困难。 |
| In the phase of court debate, the public prosecutor gave the public prosecution opinion, demonstrated that Yang Weiguo and other defendants were guilty of illegal collection of public deposits, the facts of the alleged crime in the charging instrument were clear, and the evidence was authentic and sufficient. In the online operation of the so-called P2P lending information intermediary business, Wangzhou Group promised to provide wealth management clients with guaranteed and credit enhancement services, obtained the authority to freeze, transfer, and inquire funds in virtual accounts of wealth management clients, collected clients' funds to set up a capital pool, actually controlled, transferred, and used clients' funds to repay the principal and interest and engage in other production and operation activities, which exceeded the business scope of a P2P lending information intermediary institution. It was illegal collection of public deposits in a disguised form. Knowing that their acts of collecting public deposits was not approved according to the law, Yang Weiguo and other defendants still committed such acts and they had the subjective intent of committing the crime. | | 法庭辩论阶段，公诉人发表公诉意见，论证杨卫国等被告人构成非法吸收公众存款罪，起诉书指控的犯罪事实清楚，证据确实、充分。其中，望洲集团在线上经营所谓网络借贷信息中介业务时，承诺为理财客户提供保底和增信服务，获取对理财客户虚拟账户内资金进行冻结、划拨、查询等权限，归集客户资金设立资金池，实际控制、支配、使用客户资金，用于还本付息和其他生产经营活动，超出了网络借贷信息中介的业务范围，属于变相非法吸收公众存款。杨卫国等被告人明知其吸收公众存款的行为未经依法批准而实施，具有犯罪的主观故意。 |
| Yang Weiguo contended that the online business of Wangzhou Group was not a crime and it should not be included in the amount involved in the crime. The defender of Yang Weiguo contended that the State allowed a pilot program of P2P lending business; Wangzhou Group set up a capital pool and carried out self-financing before the State regulated the P2P lending business. Wangzhou Group did not violate criminal laws and its online business was subject to the regulation in accordance with the civil laws; Yang Weiguo should not be given a criminal penalty and the funds inflowed in the online channel should be deducted from the amount involved in the crime. | | 杨卫国认为望洲集团的线上业务不构成犯罪，不应计入犯罪数额。杨卫国的辩护人认为，国家允许P2P行业先行先试，望洲集团设立资金池、开展自融行为的时间在国家对P2P业务进行规范之前，没有违反刑事法律，属民事法律调整范畴，不应受到刑事处罚，犯罪数额应扣除通过线上模式流入的资金。 |
| The public prosecutor replied to the defense opinions of Yang Weiguo and his defender as follows: The P2P lending information intermediary business carried out by Wangzhou Group in the online channel has been alienated to credit intermediary business. In nature, Wangzhou Group's collection, control, allocation, and use of the investment funds of wealth management clients and the repayment of the principal and interest were identical with those of a commercial bank and they were not P2P lending information intermediary acts the innovation of which was allowed by the State. No matter whether the State issued provisions on P2P lending information intermediary business, anyone committed the aforesaid acts without approval should be subject to criminal liability according to the law. Therefore, the funds collected in the online channel should be included in the amount involved in the crime. | | 公诉人针对杨卫国及其辩护人的辩护意见进行答辩：望洲集团在线上开展网络借贷中介业务已从信息中介异化为信用中介，望洲集团对理财客户投资款的归集、控制、支配、使用以及还本付息的行为，本质与商业银行吸收存款业务相同，并非国家允许创新的网络借贷信息中介行为，不论国家是否出台有关网络借贷信息中介的规定，未经批准实施此类行为，都应当依法追究刑事责任。因此，线上吸收的资金应当计入犯罪数额。 |
| The Court held upon trial that in the name of providing P2P lending information intermediary services, Wangzhou Group actually engaged in direct or indirect collection of funds and even committed acts of self-financing or self-financing in a disguised form and it was collection of public deposits in nature. The illegality of financial services should be decided in accordance with the legal provisions of the current criminal laws and financial regulation laws and there was no such circumstance that there were no prohibitive legal provisions when defendant carried out the P2P lending business. The acts of Wangzhou Group have disturbed the financial order, damaged the national financial administration systems and it should be given acriminal punishment. | | 法庭经审理认为，望洲集团以提供网络借贷信息中介服务为名，实际从事直接或间接归集资金、甚至自融或变相自融行为，本质是吸收公众存款。判断金融业务的非法性，应当以现行刑事法律和金融管理法律规定为依据，不存在被告人开展P2P业务时没有禁止性法律规定的问题。望洲集团的行为已经扰乱金融秩序，破坏国家金融管理制度，应受刑事处罚。 |
| On February 8, 2018, the People's Court of Jianggan District, Hangzhou City entered a judgment of first instance that for committing the crime of illegal collection of public deposits, defendant Yang Weiguo should be sentenced to a fixed-term imprisonment of nine years and six months and fined CNY500,000; defendant Liu Beilei should be sentenced to a fixed-term imprisonment of four years and six months and fined CNY100,000; defendant Wu Meng should be sentenced to a fixed-term imprisonment of three years with suspended execution of five years and fined CNY100,000; and defendant Zhang Wenting should be sentenced to a fixed-term imprisonment of three years with suspended execution of five years and fined CNY100,000. The funds seized and frozen should be returned according to the proportions of losses; and the real estates, vehicles, and equities sealed up and seized should be returned after sale according to the proportions of losses. For the insufficient part, defendants should be ordered to continue the restitution. After the judgment was pronounced, defendant Yang Weiguo appealed and then withdrew the appeal. The judgment of first instance took effect. The recovery of the illicit money and losses were still in progress. | | 2018年2月8日，杭州市江干区人民法院作出一审判决，以非法吸收公众存款罪，分别判处被告人杨卫国有期徒刑九年六个月，并处罚金人民币五十万元；判处被告人刘蓓蕾有期徒刑四年六个月，并处罚金人民币十万元；判处被告人吴梦有期徒刑三年，缓刑五年，并处罚金人民币十万元；判处被告人张雯婷有期徒刑三年，缓刑五年，并处罚金人民币十万元。在案扣押冻结款项分别按损失比例发还；在案查封、扣押的房产、车辆、股权等变价后分别按损失比例发还。不足部分责令继续退赔。宣判后，被告人杨卫国提出上诉后又撤回上诉，一审判决已生效。本案追赃挽损工作仍在进行中。 |
| [Significance] | | 【指导意义】 |
| 1. The collection of deposits from unspecific public is an exclusive financial business of a commercial bank. Without approval, no entity or individual may carry out such business. Article 11 of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Commercial Laws provides that “no entity or individual may engage in collecting public deposits or other business of a commercial bank without the approval of the banking regulatory authority of the State Council.” The aforesaid provision is the basic legal basis for determining whether an act of collecting public deposits is legal or not. Where any entities or individuals, including non-banking financial institutions, collect public deposits or collect public deposits in a disguised form without the approval of the banking regulatory authority of the State Council, it should be determined as illegal. The Measures of the State Council for Banning Illegal Financial Institutions and Illegal Financial Business Activities further provides expressly that without obtaining approval according to the law, illegal collection of public deposits or collection of public deposits in any disguised form, or illegal raising of funds from unspecific investors in any name must be banned. For the purposes of addressing the social capital needs the traditional financial institutions fail to cover or satisfying and relieving the difficulties for obtaining small-sum funds for individual households and small and micro enterprises in their operations, the financial regulatory institution of the State Council issued “one measure and three guidelines” in 2016, including the Interim Measures for the Administration of the Business Activities of P2P Lending Information Intermediary Institutions, according to which entities or individuals are permitted to obtain small-sum loans through P2P lending information intermediary institutions within the prescribed scope of loan balance and the upper limits of loan balance for a single organization or individual on a single platform or multiple platforms are specified. In the case-handling, the procuratorial organ should accurately comprehend the limits, standards, and principles and spirits as determined in laws and regulations and financial administration regulations, differentiate the nature of financing and loaning activities, and investigate the criminal liabilities of those violating the regulations and reaching the prosecution standards according to the law. | | 1.向不特定社会公众吸收存款是商业银行专属金融业务，任何单位和个人未经批准不得实施。根据《中华人民共和国商业银行法》第十一条规定，未经国务院银行业监督管理机构批准，任何单位和个人不得从事吸收公众存款等商业银行业务，这是判断吸收公众存款行为合法与非法的基本法律依据。任何单位或个人，包括非银行金融机构，未经国务院银行业监督管理机构批准，面向社会吸收公众存款或者变相吸收公众存款均属非法。国务院《非法金融机构和非法金融业务活动取缔办法》进一步明确规定，未经依法批准，非法吸收公众存款、变相吸收公众存款、以任何名义向社会不特定对象进行的非法集资都属于非法金融活动，必须予以取缔。为了解决传统金融机构覆盖不了、满足不好的社会资金需求，缓解个体经营者、小微企业经营当中的小额资金困难，国务院金融监管机构于2016年发布了《网络借贷信息中介机构业务活动管理暂行办法》等“一个办法、三个指引”，允许单位或个人在规定的借款余额范围内通过网络借贷信息中介机构进行小额借贷，并且对单一组织、单一个人在单一平台、多个平台的借款余额上限作了明确限定。检察机关在办案中要准确把握法律法规、金融管理规定确定的界限、标准和原则精神，准确区分融资借款活动的性质，对于违反规定达到追诉标准的，依法追究刑事责任。 |
| 2. Financial innovations must observe the legal provisions on financial administration and may not violate the provisions of the Criminal Law. Finance is the core and bloodline of modern economy. The risks triggered by financial activities are of strong conductivity, expansivity, potentiality, and uncertainty. For the purposes of maximizing the roles of financial services in the economic and social development and effectively preventing and controlling financial risks, the State has formulated sound laws and regulations and conducted strict supervision and regulation of such financial services provided by commercial banks, insurance institutions, and securities institutions. Finance also requires development and innovation, but financial innovations must effectively prevent and control possible risks and comply with the laws and regulations on financial administration, especially financial business that can be carried out with licensing according to the law. No financial business in the name of innovation may be carried out without licensing. In the handling of a case involving finance, the procuratorial organ should analyze in an in-depth manner and clearly recognize various new finance phenomena, accurately comprehend the nature of finance, differentiate whether it is real financial innovation or pseudo innovation under the guise of innovation in complex and diverse forms and whether it is a legal financial activity or an illegal financial activity carried out under the guise of financial innovation, and provide timely and effective judicial safeguard for the prevention and resolution of financial risks. | | 2.金融创新必须遵守金融管理法律规定，不得触犯刑法规定。金融是现代经济的核心和血脉，金融活动引发的风险具有较强的传导性、扩张性、潜在性和不确定性。为了发挥金融服务经济社会发展的作用，有效防控金融风险，国家制定了完善的法律法规，对商业银行、保险、证券等金融业务进行严格的规制和监管。金融也需要发展和创新，但金融创新必须有效地防控可能产生的风险，必须遵守金融管理法律法规，尤其是依法须经许可才能从事的金融业务，不允许未经许可而以创新的名义擅自开展。检察机关办理涉金融案件，要深入分析、清楚认识各类新金融现象，准确把握金融的本质，透过复杂多样的表现形式，准确区分是真的金融创新还是披着创新外衣的伪创新，是合法金融活动还是以金融创新为名实施金融违法犯罪活动，为防范化解金融风险提供及时、有力的司法保障。 |
3. The illegal control and allocation of funds by a P2P lending information intermediary institution constitutes illegal collection of public deposits. A P2P lending information intermediary institution may only engage in information intermediary services, including providing information gathering, information disclosure, credit rating, information exchange, and credit match for realization of direct credit between borrowers and lenders. An information intermediary institution may not provide credit enhancement services, or directly or indirectly collect funds, including control and allocation of funds by setting up a capital pool or financing for the company controlled by it. The release of information on collection of funds by a P2P lending information intermediary institution through the Internet not only exceeds the business scope of an intermediary institution, but violates the provisions of Article 176 of the Criminal Law. In the case-handling, the procuratorial organ should, based on the analysis on the equity structure, actual control relation, capital source, capital flow, intermediate link, and final investment and by taking into full account of the whole process information, analyze and decide whether it is a formal information intermediary institution or an institution engaging in credit intermediary activities under the guise of an information intermediary institution and whether there are acts of illegally setting up a capital pool, conducting self-financing or conducting self-financing in a disguised form, and illegally collecting, controlling, allocating, and using funds, and accurately determine the nature of such acts.
．．．．．． | | 3.网络借贷中介机构非法控制、支配资金，构成非法吸收公众存款。网络借贷信息中介机构依法只能从事信息中介业务，为借款人与出借人实现直接借贷提供信息搜集、信息公布、资信评估、信息交互、借贷撮合等服务。信息中介机构不得提供增信服务，不得直接或间接归集资金，包括设立资金池控制、支配资金或者为自己控制的公司融资。网络借贷信息中介机构利用互联网发布信息归集资金，不仅超出了信息中介业务范围，同时也触犯了刑法第一百七十六条的规定。检察机关在办案中要通过对网络借贷平台的股权结构、实际控制关系、资金来源、资金流向、中间环节和最终投向的分析，综合全流程信息，分析判断是规范的信息中介，还是假借信息中介名义从事信用中介活动，是否存在违法设立资金池、自融、变相自融等违法归集、控制、支配、使用资金的行为，准确认定行为性质。
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