Development of China's Transport | | 中国交通运输发展 |
| (December 2016) | | （2016年12月） |
| | 中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室 |
| The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China | | |
| | 目录 |
| Contents | | 前言 |
| Preamble | | |
| | 一、发展历程 |
| I. Course of Development | | |
| | 二、综合交通运输体系建设 |
| II. Comprehensive Transport System | | |
| | 三、发挥基础性先导性服务性作用 |
| III. Playing a Basic, Pioneering and Serving Role | | |
| | 四、对外开放与国际合作 |
| IV. Opening up and International Cooperation | | |
| | 五、未来五年的发展目标 |
| V. Development Goals for the Next Five Years | | 结束语 |
| Conclusion | | 前言 |
| Preamble | | 新中国成立以来，特别是改革开放以来，交通运输面貌发生了历史性变化，为经济社会发展、人民群众安全便捷出行作出了重要贡献。 |
| Since the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, and especially since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policy in 1978, China's transport has undergone historic changes, making significant contributions to the country's social and economic development, and the people's safe and convenient travel. | | 新世纪以来，中国政府全面深化交通运输改革，加快建设现代综合交通运输体系，不断提升交通运输行业治理体系和治理能力现代化水平，交通运输进入了各种运输方式交汇融合、统筹发展的新阶段。 |
| Since the start of the 21st century, the Chinese government has furthered the reform in transport, built a modernized comprehensive transport system, improved the management system, and modernized management capacity in transport, bringing China's transport to a new stage that incorporates multiple modes of transport and promotes their coordinated development. | | 2020年，中国将全面建成小康社会。实现第一个“百年目标”，交通运输需要进一步加快发展，充分发挥基础性先导性服务性作用，当好先行官，为全面建成小康社会提供坚强保障。 |
| China intends to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020, which is the first of its Two Centenary Goals. For this end, transport should quicken its pace of development, and fully play its basic, pioneering and serving role as a vanguard and solid guarantee for completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. | | |
| | 一、发展历程 |
| I. Course of Development | | 新中国成立之初，交通运输面貌十分落后。全国铁路总里程仅2.18万公里，有一半处于瘫痪状态。能通车的公路仅8.08万公里，民用汽车5.1万辆。内河航道处于自然状态。民航航线只有12条。邮政服务网点较少。主要运输工具还是畜力车和木帆船等。 |
| When the PRC was founded in 1949, transport was underdeveloped. Total railway length was only 21,800 km, half of which was paralyzed. Highway traffic length was only 80,800 km, and civil automobiles numbered only 51,000. Inland waterways were undeveloped, and only 12 civil air routes were operative. Postal outlets were limited. The major means of transport were animal-drawn vehicles and primitive boats. | | 新中国成立后，中国政府明确提出首先要创造一些基本条件恢复交通运输。经过3年的国民经济恢复期，修复了被破坏的交通运输设施设备，恢复了水陆空运输。1953年起，开始有计划地进行交通运输建设。在第一个、第二个五年计划和国民经济调整期间（1953-1965年），国家投资向交通运输倾斜，改造和新建了一批铁路、公路、港口码头、民用机场，提高了西部和边远地区的交通运输基础设施覆盖程度，疏浚了主要航道，新开辟了国际、国内水路和空中航线，扩大了邮政网络，增加了运输装备数量。“文化大革命”期间（1966-1976年），交通运输发展一度受到严重干扰，但设施和装备规模、运输线路仍在增加，特别是针对沿海主要港口压船、压港、压货日趋严重的局面，加快了港口基础设施建设。在此期间，管道运输也得到了发展。 |
Following the founding of the PRC, the Chinese government decided to create the basic conditions to restore transport. During the economic recovery period (1949-1952) damaged transport facilities were repaired, and water, land and air transport were resumed. In 1953 China began to develop transport in a planned way. During the First (1953-1957) and Second (1958-1962) Five-Year Plan periods and the economic adjustment period (1961-1965) China tilted state investment in support of transport. It renovated and built a number of railways, highways, ports and piers, and civil airports; expanded the transport infrastructure coverage in the western and remote regions; dredged major navigation channels; opened new international and domestic sea and air routes; expanded the postal network; and increased the amount of transport equipment.
During the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), transport was seriously disturbed, but facilities, equipment and routes kept increasing; in view of the severe delays in unloading and transshipment, and overstocking at major coastal ports, port infrastructure construction was accelerated; and pipeline transport developed. | | 1978年，改革开放揭开了中国经济社会发展的新篇章，交通运输步入了快速发展阶段。中国政府把交通运输放在优先发展的位置，加大政策扶持力度，在放开交通运输市场、建立社会化融资机制方面进行开创性探索，积极扭转交通运输不适应经济社会发展的被动局面。铁路实行经济承包责任制；出台了提高养路费征收标准、开征车辆购置附加费以及“贷款修路、收费还贷”等扶持公路发展的三项政策；公路、水运工程建设项目开始实行招投标制度；港口率先对外开放，海运业最早实现“走出去”；民航走上了企业化发展道路，航空运输市场开始形成；实施邮政管理体制改革，成立中国速递服务公司，恢复办理邮政储蓄业务；加大交通运输建设投资力度，吸引社会资本参与基础设施建设。1988年沪嘉高速公路通车，实现中国大陆高速公路零的突破。 |
The reform and opening-up policy adopted in 1978 ushered in a new stage of social and economic development, bringing about the rapid development of transport. The Chinese government prioritized transport development, increased pertinent policy support, made pioneering attempts to open wider the transport market and establish social financing mechanisms, and reversed the adverse situation that transport was unable to match social and economic development.
China implemented the contract responsibility system in railway operation; issued three policies for supporting highway development, namely, raising highway maintenance fee levied on highway users, collecting vehicle purchase tax, and building highways with loans and repaying the loans with tolls. Highway construction and water transport engineering projects started to adopt public bidding. Ports were the first to be opened up to the outside world, and sea transport was the first sector to go global. Civil aviation began to operate as an enterprise, and an air transport market took shape. The postal services management system was reformed, Express Mail Service (EMS) was set up, and postal savings services were resumed. Investment in transport development was increased and non-government capital was attracted to go into transport infrastructure construction. In 1988 the Shanghai-Jiading Expressway was opened to traffic, the first expressway on China's mainland. | | 1992年，中国确立了建立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标。交通运输不断加大改革开放力度，各种运输方式发展取得突破性进展。开展铁路建设大会战，1997年起铁路进行了连续六次大提速。公路和水运实施公路主骨架、水运主通道、港站主枢纽和支持保障系统的“三主一支持”规划，制定了加快建设步伐的目标任务。民航机场建设费和基础设施建设基金、铁路建设基金、内河航运建设基金先后设立。为应对东南亚金融危机，中国实施积极的财政政策，公路建设投资进入“快车道”，高速公路建设大规模兴起。实施西部大开发战略，全面加强西部地区铁路、公路、机场、天然气管道干线建设。提出“修好农村路，服务城镇化，让农民兄弟走上油路和水泥路”发展目标，掀起农村公路建设新高潮。深化港口管理体制改革，加快港口建设。实行邮电分营和邮政政企分开，邮政向信息流、资金流和物流“三流合一”的现代邮政业方向发展。《中长期铁路网规划》《国家高速公路网规划》等一系列规划陆续出台。大力提升交通运输基本公共服务水平，全面加强城乡客运、城市公共交通、交通运输安全应急救助等领域建设。2008年组建交通运输部，交通运输大部门体制改革迈出实质性步伐。同年，京津城际铁路通车运营，中国开启了“高铁时代”。 |
| In 1992 China set the reform goal of establishing a socialist market economic system. Reform and opening-up efforts were furthered in transport while the development of various modes of transport achieved breakthrough progress. Since 1997, it has raised its average railway speed six times as a result of large-scale construction. A plan was made to build a transport framework where highways, waterways and ports play the major role, and put in place an advanced transport support system. A goal was set to accelerate related construction. China began to collect civil airport construction fees, and set up a civil airport infrastructure construction fund, a railway construction fund and an inland water transport construction fund in succession. To address the Financial Crisis starting in Southeast Asia, China implemented proactive fiscal policies to speed up investment in highway construction, which spurred the emergence of large-scale expressway construction. Around that time, the country implemented the strategy of developing the western regions, and enhanced the construction of railways, highways, airports and major gas pipelines there. It set the goal of "building asphalt and cement roads in rural areas to facilitate urbanization," bringing a new upsurge of rural road construction. China furthered the reform of the port management system and accelerated the construction of ports. It separated postal services and telecommunications services, and government functions and enterprise operation in postal services, promoting modern postal services integrating information flow, capital flow and logistics. | | 党的十八大以来，交通运输进入了加快现代综合交通运输体系建设的新阶段。2013年，铁路实现政企分开，交通运输大部门体制改革基本落实到位。交通运输全面深化改革，建设法治政府部门，加快综合交通、智慧交通、绿色交通、平安交通“四个交通”建设，围绕“一带一路”建设、京津冀协同发展、长江经济带建设三大国家战略制定发展规划。加快综合交通运输基础设施成网，推进多种运输方式有效衔接。促进现代物流业发展，提升综合运输服务保障水平。加强交通运输基本公共服务供给和管理，支持集中连片特困地区交通运输基础设施、城乡客运、城市公共交通发展。推进东、中、西、东北“四大板块”区域交通协调发展，西部地区高铁加快发展，中西部地区交通条件显著改善。2013年，西藏墨脱公路建成通车，中国真正实现县县通公路。 |
The Chinese government issued the Medium- and Long-Term Railway Network Plan, National Expressways Network Plan and related programs, while vigorously improving basic transport public service capacity, urban and rural passenger transport, urban public transport and transport safety emergency rescue. In 2008 China's Ministry of Transport (MOT) was established, and efforts were made to put all management of transport by air, water and land, as well as postal services under the ministry. The same year, the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway was opened to traffic, marking the start of China's high-speed rail era.
Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the construction of a modernized comprehensive transport system has been accelerated. In 2013 railway sector realized separation of government functions from commercial operations, and the institutional reform to establish an efficient government department to exercise unified management of transport by air, water and land, as well as postal services was basically completed. The transport sector has pushed reform to a higher level by enhancing law-based management, promoting comprehensive, smart, green and safe transport, and formulating development plans to serve the Three Initiatives - the Belt and Road Initiative, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration initiative and the Yangtze River Economic Belt initiative. China has expedited the building of a comprehensive transport infrastructure network, and reinforced the connectivity of multiple modes of transport, advancing modern logistics in this sector and securing comprehensive transport services. It has enhanced the supply and management of basic public services for transport, supporting the development of transport infrastructure in contiguous impoverished areas, urban and rural passenger transport and urban public transport. China has also promoted balanced development of transport in its eastern, central, western and northeastern regions. In this regard, western China has quickened its pace in developing high-speed railways, and overall central and western China' s transport conditions have been greatly improved. In 2013 the Motuo Highway in Tibet was opened to traffic, indicating that every county in China now had access to highways. | | 60多年来，中国交通运输总体上经历了从“瓶颈制约”到“初步缓解”，再到“基本适应”经济社会发展需求的奋斗历程，与世界一流水平的差距快速缩小，部分领域已经实现超越，一个走向现代化的综合交通运输体系正展现在世界面前。 |
| Over the past 60-odd years China's transport has undergone the phases of bottleneck, preliminary alleviation and basic adaptation to socio-economic development demands. China has narrowed its gap with world-class transport, and surpassed the latter in several fields. A modernized comprehensive transport system is now emerging on the horizon. | | |
| | 二、综合交通运输体系建设 |
| II. Comprehensive Transport System | | 经过多年改革发展，多节点、全覆盖的综合交通运输网络初步形成，“五纵五横”综合运输大通道基本贯通，一大批综合客运、货运枢纽站场（物流园区）投入运营，运输装备发展不断升级，运输服务水平显著提升，科技创新和应用实现重大突破，交通运输市场体系、管理体制和法规体系不断完善。 |
| Through years of reform and development China has formed a multi-nodal and full-coverage transport network; opened up five vertical and five horizontal transport trunk railway lines; put into operation a large number of passenger and freight transport stations (logistics parks); upgraded transport equipment and improved transport service capacity; achieved major breakthroughs in technology innovation and application; and improved the transport market system, management mechanisms and related laws and regulations. | | |
| | （一）基础设施网络 |
| 1. Infrastructure Network | | 多层次的铁路网基本形成。截至2015年年底，全国铁路营业总里程达12.1万公里，规模居世界第二；其中高速铁路1.9万公里，位居世界第一。以高速铁路为骨架、以城际铁路为补充的快速客运网络初步建成。全国铁路复线率和电气化率分别达到53.5%和61.8%。横跨东西、纵贯南北的大能力通道逐步形成，物流设施同步完善，逐步实现了货物运输直达化、快捷化、重载化。 |
| A multi-level railway network has been formed. By the end of 2015 China's total railway operation length reached 121,000 km, ranking the world's second, including 19,000-km high-speed railway, ranking the world's first. An express passenger transport network with high-speed railway as framework and supplemented by intercity railway has been built. The proportion of double-line railway in China was 53.5 percent, and the proportion of electric railway 61.8 percent. China has formed east-west and north-south railway passageways with great transport capacity, improved logistics infrastructure, and realized nonstop, speedy, and heavy-haul freight transport. | | 广覆盖的公路网建立起来。截至2015年年底，全国公路通车总里程达457.73万公里。高速公路通车里程达12.35万公里，位居世界第一。国省干线公路网络不断完善，连接了全国县级及以上行政区。农村公路里程达到398.06万公里，通达99.9%的乡镇和99.8%的建制村。路网技术结构不断优化，等级公路里程占公路总里程的88.4%。 |
| A full-coverage highway network has been set up. By the end of 2015, China' s total highway traffic length was 4.58 million km. Expressway length was 123,500 km, ranking first in the world. The national and provincial trunk highway network has been improved, connecting administrative regions at and above the county level nationwide. Rural highway length was 3.98 million km, connecting 99.9 percent of towns and townships and 99.8 percent of administrative villages. The technology structure of the highway network has been improved, with graded highway length accounting for 88.4 percent of total highway length. | | 初步形成干支衔接的水运网。截至2015年年底，全国港口拥有生产性码头泊位3.13万个，其中万吨级及以上泊位2221个，煤炭、原油、金属矿石、集装箱等专业化泊位达1173个，港口大型化、深水化、专业化、自动化水平进一步提升。内河航道通航里程达12.7万公里，等级航道占52.2%，高等级航道达标里程1.36万公里，长江、西江、京杭运河等航道通航条件不断改善，初步建成了以“两横一纵两网十八线”为主体的内河航道体系。 |
| A water transport network connecting trunk and branch lines has been established. By the end of 2015 China had 31,300 quay berths for production use, including 2,221 berths of 10,000-ton-class or above and 1,173 specialized berths for coal, crude oil, metal ores and containers, and improved large-scale, professional and automated deepwater ports. Inland waterway navigable length was 127,000 km, with graded waterways accounting for 52.2 percent, and the length of high-grade waterways reaching 13,600 km. China has improved the navigation conditions of the Yangtze and Xijiang rivers and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, and formed an inland waterway system composed of two horizontal trunk waterways, one vertical trunk waterway, two high-grade waterway networks and 18 high-grade mainstream and tributary waterways. | | 民用机场体系基本成型。截至2015年年底，全国民航运输机场达210个，初步形成了以北京、上海、广州等国际枢纽机场为中心，省会城市和重点城市区域枢纽机场为骨干，以及其他干、支线机场相互配合的格局。空管设施建设不断加强，2015年保障飞机起降达到856.6万架次。通用机场加快发展。机场轨道交通和机场快速通道加快建设，机场与其他交通运输方式的衔接更加紧密。 |
| A civil airport system has taken shape. By the end of 2015 China had 210 civil transport airports, forming a pattern with international hub airports in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou as centers, with regional hub airports in provincial capitals and major cities as junctures, and some other support trunk and branch airports. Air traffic control facilities have been improved, which secured 8.57 million takeoffs and landings in 2015. General aviation airports have been developing quickly. Airport rail and fast-track transit have been rapidly improved, and the connectivity between airports and other modes of transport has been enhanced. | | 乡乡设所、村村通邮总体实现。截至2015年年底，全国邮路总条数达2.5万条，邮路总长度（单程）达637.6万公里，邮政普遍服务营业场所总数达5.4万处，村邮站总数达21万个。快递服务营业网点达18.3万处，网路总长度（单程）达2370.5万公里。 |
| H Post offices for each township and postal services for each village have been realized. By the end of 2015 China' s postal routes totaled 25,000, with a total length of 6.38 million km; postal outlets totaled 54,000, and village mail stations totaled 210,000. Express delivery outlets numbered 183,000, with a total network length of 23.71 million km. | | 油气管道骨干网络初步形成。截至2015年年底，全国陆上油气管道总里程达11.2万公里，初步形成了覆盖全国31个省（区、市）的原油、成品油和天然气三大主干网络和“西油东送、北油南运、西气东输、北气南下、海气登陆”的油气输送网络。 |
| Oil and gas pipelines have formed a trunk network. By the end of 2015 China's onshore oil and gas pipelines had a total length of 112,000 km, covering 31 provinces, municipalities directly under the central government and autonomous regions, forming a trunk-pipeline network for crude oil, refined oil and natural gas as well as an oil and gas transmission network which transports oil from the west to the east and from the north to the south, transmits gas from the west to the east and from the north to the south, and brings gas from offshore. | | |
| | （二）运输服务能力 |
| 2. Transport Service Capacity | | 运输量位居世界前位。2015年，全社会完成客运量194.3亿人、旅客周转量30047亿人公里；完成货运量410亿吨、货物周转量173690.6亿吨公里。铁路旅客周转量、货运量居世界第一，货运周转量居世界第二，公路客货运输量及周转量、水路货运量及周转量均居世界第一，民航运输总周转量、旅客周转量、货邮周转量均居世界第二。全国港口完成货物吞吐量和集装箱吞吐量均居世界第一。邮政业年服务用户超过700亿人次，快递年业务量居世界第一，大型网络购物促销“双11”活动单日处理峰值超过1.6亿件。管道货运量达7.1亿吨，周转量达4138.8亿吨公里。 |
| China's transport volume leads the world. In 2015 China's passenger transport volume was 19.43 billion persons, and passenger turnover was 3.0 trillion passenger-km (pkm); freight transport volume was 41 billion tons, and freight turnover was 17.37 trillion ton-km (tkm). In terms of railway transport, passenger turnover and freight transport volume ranked first in the world, and freight turnover ranked second. In terms of highway transport, passenger and freight transport volume and passenger and freight turnover ranked first in the world. In terms of waterway transport, freight transport volume and freight turnover also ranked first in the world. In terms of civil aviation transport, total turnover, passenger turnover, and cargo and mail turnover all ranked second in the world. In terms of port transport, cargo throughput and container throughput ranked first in the world. In terms of postal services, the number of customers exceeded 70 billion. In terms of express delivery, business volume ranked first in the world; on November 11, Online Shopping Day, the number of parcels delivered in one day reached the year's peak of 160 million pieces. In terms of pipeline transportation, freight transport volume was 710 million tons and freight turnover was 413.88 billion tkm. | | 运输服务质量全面提升。多式联运、甩挂运输等先进运输组织模式及冷链等专业物流快速发展，集装箱、厢式货车等标准化运载单元加快推广，城乡物流配送信息化、集约化程度明显提升，提高了社会物流运行效率。交通运输安全水平大幅改善，铁路旅客运输总体安全水平居世界前列，2015年道路交通万车事故死亡人数较2005年下降了72.4%，全国运输船舶百万吨港口吞吐量等级以上事故件数平均每年下降5%，民航运输航空百万小时重大事故率10年滚动值为0.018（世界平均水平为0.24）。大力提升客运基本公共服务均等化水平，“公交优先”战略扎实推进，全国公交专用车道达8569公里，快速公交系统（BRT）线路长度达3081公里，定制公交、夜间公交等特色公共交通服务产品的新模式不断丰富，网约出租汽车等新业态快速发展。 |
Transport service quality has been improved. Multimodal transport, drop and pull transport and cold chain logistics have developed quickly; the use of standardized transport units such as containers and vans has been promoted; and urban and rural logistics have enhanced IT application and intensified services, thus increasing logistics efficiency. Transport safety has been greatly improved, and China's railway passenger transport safety leads the world. In 2015 the number of death toll per 10,000 vehicle road accidents dropped by 72.4 percent over 2005; the number of accidents of cargo vessels of a million-ton-class throughput and above has decreased by five percent on average annually since 2005; the rolling ten-year accident rate per one million flight hours in civil aviation transport was 0.018 in 2015 (the world's average is 0.24). Equitable basic public services in passenger transport and the strategy of "public transit priority" have been promoted. The length of exclusive bus lanes has reached 8,569 km, and the length of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) lines 3,081 km. In addition, new and specialized public transport services, such as customized shuttle and night buses, have increased, and new models of transport service including online taxi booking have been developing rapidly.
．．．．．． | | 运输服务通达性显著增强。高速铁路覆盖百万人口以上城市比例达65%。道路客运线路达18.1万条。全国城市公共汽（电）车运营线路突破4.5万条，城市轨道交通运营线路达105条，运营线路总长度达3195公里。水路国际运输航线和集装箱班轮航线往来100多个国家和地区的1000多个港口。民航定期航班航线达3326条，航线里程超过786.6万公里（按重复距离计算），通达境内204个城市，香港、澳门、台湾地区以及55个国家（地区）的137个城市。全国乡镇快递服务营业网点覆盖率达70%。
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