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The Right to Development: China's Philosophy, Practice and Contribution
发展权:中国的理念、实践与贡献
【法宝引证码】

The Right to Development: China's Philosophy, Practice and Contribution

 

发展权:中国的理念、实践与贡献

(The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China; December 2016)

 (中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室 2016年12月)

 
Contents 目录

Preamble

 前言

 
I. The Philosophy of the Right to Development Abreast with the Times 一、与时俱进的发展权理念

 
II. The System Ensuring the People's Right to Development 二、日臻完备的发展权保障制度

 
III. Effectively Realizing Economic Development 三、有效实现经济发展

 
IV. Enhancing Political Development 四、不断完善政治发展

 
V. Promoting Cultural Progress 五、努力促进文化发展

 
VI. Promoting Social Development 六、全面提升社会发展

 
VII. Accelerating Environment-Friendly Development 七、加快落实绿色发展

 
VIII. Promoting Common Development 八、推动实现共同发展

Conclusion

 结束语

Preamble

 前言

Development is a universal human theme, providing for people's basic needs and giving them hope of better life. The right to development is an inalienable human right, symbolizing dignity and honor. Only through development can we address global challenges; only through development can we protect basic civil rights of the people; only through development can we promote the progress of human society.

 发展是人类社会永恒的主题,寄托着生存和希望。发展权是一项不可剥夺的人权,象征着人类尊严和荣耀。唯有发展,才能消除全球性挑战的根源;唯有发展,才能保障人民的基本权利;唯有发展,才能推动人类社会进步。

China, with a population of over 1.3 billion, is the largest developing country in the world. Development is the top priority of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in governance and national revitalization, and the key to resolving all other problems. Based on its prevailing conditions, China adheres to the Chinese socialist path and to the philosophy that development is of paramount importance. China integrates the principle of universal application of human rights with the country's reality. While striving to enhance the people's wellbeing through development and materialize their right to development, China endeavors to achieve higher-level development by protecting their right to development. In this regard, China has made notable progress and blazed a path in protecting human rights during the development of human civilization.

 中国有13亿多人口,是世界上最大的发展中国家。发展是中国共产党执政兴国的第一要务,是解决中国所有问题的关键。中国立足基本国情,坚持走中国特色社会主义道路,坚持发展是硬道理,坚持将人权的普遍性原则与本国实际相结合,既努力通过发展增进人民福祉,实现人民的发展权,又努力通过保障人民的发展权,实现更高水平的发展。新中国取得了举世瞩目的巨大成就,开创了人类文明发展史上人权保障的新道路。

Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping as its core has highlighted the idea of people-centered development. In the course of realizing the Two Centenary Goals [Note: The two goals are to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC (founded in 1921) and to build China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the People's Republic of China (founded in 1949).] and the Chinese Dream of revitalizing the Chinese nation, it has focused on safeguarding and improving people's wellbeing, advancing all social programs, and protecting people's rights to equal participation and development. The aim is to share development benefits and achieve common prosperity among all people of the country.

 中共十八大以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央,坚持以人民为中心的发展思想,在实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦进程中,以保障和改善民生为重点,大力发展各项社会事业,切实保证人民平等参与、平等发展权利,努力朝着实现全体人民共享发展和共同富裕的目标稳步前进。

On the 30th anniversary of the publication of the "Declaration on the Right to Development by the United Nations," China, dedicated to advocating, practicing and promoting the right to development, is willing to join the international community to share its philosophy and experience in this regard and to boost sound development of global human rights.

 值此纪念联合国《发展权利宣言》通过30周年之际,作为发展权的倡导者、践行者和推动者,中国愿与国际社会一道,共同分享实现发展权的理念和经验,推进世界人权事业健康发展。

 
I. The Philosophy of the Right to Development Abreast with the Times   一、与时俱进的发展权理念

Equal access to development opportunities and development benefits are the ideals of human society wherein each and every citizen can achieve well-rounded development and enjoy full right to development.

 拥有平等的发展机会,共享发展成果,使每个人都得到全面发展,实现充分的发展权,是人类社会的理想追求。

The Chinese people are diligent, wise, innovative and progressive. In traditional Chinese culture, concepts such as "moderate prosperity" (xiao-kang), "great harmony" (datong), "having ample food and clothing" (fengyi zushi) and "living and working in peace and contentment" (anju leye) fully reflect the Chinese people's aspiration for and pursuit of a better, happier life. In the long course of history, the Chinese people have always striven for better and shared development opportunities, conditions and benefits. In ancient times, China was for long the world leader in agriculture, and contributed to human progress with extraordinary development achievements. Studies reveal that until the mid-19th century, China's GDP and per capita GDP were the world's highest. Before the 16th century, China contributed 173 of the world's top 300 innovations and discoveries.

 中华民族是勤劳智慧、善于创新、追求进步的民族。中国传统文化中的“小康”“大同”社会理想以及“丰衣足食”“安居乐业”等富民思想,充分反映了千百年来中国人民追求更高、更好、更加幸福生活的美好愿望。在漫长的历史进程中,中国人民为获得发展机会,改善发展条件,共享发展成果,进行了不懈奋斗。古代中国,农耕文明长期居于世界领先水平,创造了非凡的发展成就,为人类社会进步作出了重大贡献。有研究表明,直到19世纪中叶,在相当长的时间里,中国都是世界上国内生产总值和人均国内生产总值最多的国家。在16世纪以前世界上最重要的300项发明和发现中,中国占173项。

After the Industrial Revolution started in the 18th century, China began losing its leadership. Foreign aggression and expansion by Western colonialists completely destroyed conditions for development in China. Repeated invasions by foreign powers, particularly from the West, from 1840 to 1949, and China's corrupt ruling class and backward social system reduced China to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. There was constant warfare, an unstable society, economic depression, no security of livelihood, and extreme poverty. The Cambridge History of China: Republican China 1912-1949 describes China's situation in the first half of 20th century as follows: "...the great majority of Chinese merely sustained and reproduced themselves at the subsistence level ... the standard of life for many fell short even of that customary level." [Note: The Cambridge History of China (Volume 12): Republican China 1912-1949 Part I, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 28.] "As a system, China's economy which was 'pre-modern' even in the mid-twentieth century ceased to be viable only after 1949..." [Note: Ibid. p. 29.] In these 110 years, the Chinese people struggled arduously for their right to development and equal access to development opportunity. The Chinese people are fully aware of the value of development and of their right to development.

 近代工业革命发生后,中国开始丧失发展机会。西方殖民主义者推行的对外侵略扩张政策,更是彻底破坏了中国的发展条件。从1840年到1949年,由于西方列强的一次次入侵,加之统治阶级的腐朽和社会制度的落后,中国沦为半殖民地半封建社会,战争频仍,社会动荡,经济凋敝,民不聊生,坠入贫穷深渊。《剑桥中华民国史》对20世纪上半叶的中国有这样的描述:“绝大多数中国人至多不过勉强维持生存而已……许多人的生活水平甚至还不到向来的那种水平”“作为一种制度,中国经济甚至到了20世纪中叶仍停留在‘现代前'时期,只是到1949年以后才告结束……”在长达110年的时间里,中国人民为争取发展权,争取与各国享有平等的发展机会,进行了艰苦卓绝的斗争,中国人民深知发展的价值和发展权的宝贵。

The founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 ushered in a new era for China's development. The PRC has provided full development opportunities and conditions to the people, and vast scope to realize that right. Through more than 60 years of effort, China's overall national strength has greatly increased; standards of living have achieved a historical leap from poverty to moderate prosperity; the people's right to development in economy, politics, culture, society and environment has been effectively protected.

China feeds more than 20 percent of the world's population with less than 10 percent of the world's arable land. Through more than 30 years of reform and opening-up, China has lifted 700 million people out of poverty, accounting for more than 70 percent of the global reduction in poverty. China has established the world's largest social security system, and average life expectancy had grown from 35 years in 1949 to 76.34 years in 2015, ranking high among the developing countries. The level of education has soared: in 1949, more than 80 percent of the national population was illiterate, and the enrollment rate of school-age children was only 20 percent. In 2015, net enrollment rates were as follows: primary school-age children - 99.88 percent; nine-year compulsory education -- 93 percent; high school - 87 percent. The enrollment rate for higher education has reached a level approaching that of medium-developed countries. According to the "China National Human Development Report 2016" released by the United Nations, China's Human Development Index (HDI) in 2014 ranked 90th among 188 countries, already in the high human development group.

 1949年中华人民共和国的成立,开辟了中国发展的新纪元。新中国为人民提供了充分的发展机会和发展条件,为实现发展权开创了广阔的空间。经过60多年的发展,中国的综合国力大幅增强,人民生活实现了从贫困到总体小康的历史性跨越,中国人民在经济、政治、文化、社会、环境等各方面的发展权不断得到有效保障。中国以不足世界10%的耕地,养活了世界20%以上的人口;中国在改革开放30多年的时间里,使7亿多人口摆脱贫困,占全球减贫人口的70%以上;中国建立了世界上最大的社会保障体系,人均预期寿命从1949年前的35岁提高到2015年的76.34岁,居于发展中国家前列;中国人民受教育水平大幅提高,1949年全国人口中80%以上是文盲,学龄儿童入学率仅20%左右,而到2015年,小学学龄儿童净入学率为99.88%,九年制义务教育巩固率为93%,高中阶段毛入学率为87%,高等教育已接近中等发达国家水平。联合国《2016中国人类发展报告》显示,2014年中国的人类发展指数在188个国家中列第90位,已进入高人类发展水平国家组。

Over the years, proceeding from reality and following the trend of the times, China has maintained the people's principal position in the country and created its own path by taking the central task of economic development and upholding the Four Cardinal Principles [Note: The Four Cardinal Principles refer to the principles of adhering to the socialist path, the people's democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the CPC, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. The Four Cardinal Principles are the foundation of the state, and the political cornerstone for the survival and development of the Party and the state.] and the policy of reform and opening-up to serve its practice of Chinese socialism, and following the philosophy of innovative, balanced, eco-friendly, open and shared development, and thus contributed to enriching and improving the concept of right to development.

 多年来,中国从实际出发,把握时代大势,坚持人民主体地位,把以经济建设为中心同坚持四项基本原则、坚持改革开放这两个基本点统一于中国特色社会主义伟大实践,遵循创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念,走出了一条中国特色发展道路,为丰富和完善发展权理念作出了自己的贡献。

The rights to subsistence and development are the primary, basic human rights. Poverty is the biggest obstacle to human rights. Without the production and supply of material goods, it is difficult or even impossible to realize any other human right. Development is a means of eliminating poverty. It provides necessary conditions for realizing other human rights, and releases human potential. The right to development is incorporated into other human rights, while the latter create the conditions for people to facilitate development and realize the right to development. Safeguarding the right to development is the precondition for realizing economic, cultural, social and environmental rights, and obtaining civil and political rights. China appreciates the articulation in the UN's "Declaration on the Right to Development" : "The right to development is an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized."

 --生存权和发展权是首要的基本人权。贫穷是实现人权的最大障碍。没有物质资料的生产和供给,人类其他一切权利的实现都是非常困难或不可能的。发展既是消除贫困的手段,也为实现其他人权提供了条件,还是人实现自身潜能的过程。发展权贯穿于其他各项人权之中,其他人权为人的发展和发展权的实现创造条件。发展权的保障,既表现在经济、文化、社会、环境权利的实现之中,又表现在公民权利与政治权利的获得之中。中国赞赏联合国《发展权利宣言》所强调的表述--发展权是一项不可剥夺的人权,由于这种权利,每个人和所有各国人民均有权参与、促进并享受经济、社会、文化和政治发展,在这种发展中,所有人权和基本自由都能获得充分实现。

The people hold the principal position concerning the right to development. China values the people's supremacy and regards the people as the fundamental driver of development, striving for the people, relying on the people, and sharing among the people. It takes improving popular wellbeing and well-rounded development as the starting point and ultimate goal, and fully mobilizes people's enthusiasm, initiative and creativity to participate in, contribute to and benefit from development. To build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and realize the Chinese Dream of revitalizing the Chinese nation means to provide better education, more secure employments, more satisfying income, more reliable social security, better medical services, more comfortable housing, and a better environment, so that all individuals can develop, contribute to society, and share the opportunity to pursue excellence and realize their dreams.

 --发展权的主体是人民。中国奉行人民至上的价值取向,视人民为推动发展的根本力量,努力做到发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。中国把增进人民福祉、促进人的全面发展作为发展的出发点和落脚点,充分调动人民的积极性、主动性、创造性,使人民成为发展的主要参与者、促进者和受益者。全面建成小康社会和实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦,就是让人民有更好的教育、更稳定的工作、更满意的收入、更可靠的社会保障、更高水平的医疗服务、更舒适的居住条件、更优美的环境,让每个人都能更有尊严地发展自我和奉献社会,共同享有人生出彩的机会,共同享有梦想成真的机会。

The right to development is a unity of individual and collective human rights. China values both individual and collective human rights as well as balance and mutual promotion between the two. "The free development of each individual is the condition for the free development of all people." Only through individual development can a collective develop; only in a collective can individuals achieve well-rounded development. The right to development is a human right owned by each individual as well as by the country, the nation and the entire population. The right to development can be maximized only in the unity of individuals and collective. China values the articulation in UN's "Declaration on the Right to Development" : "Equality of opportunity for development is a prerogative both of nations and of individuals who make up nations." They are all entitled to participate in and share the benefits of development on an equal basis.

 --发展权是个人人权与集体人权的统一。中国既重视个人发展权,又重视集体发展权,努力使二者相互协调、相互促进。“每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件”,没有个人的发展,就没有集体的发展;同时,也只有在集体中,个人才能获得全面发展。发展权既是每个人的人权,又是国家、民族和全体人民共同享有的人权,个人发展权只有与集体发展权统一起来,才能实现发展权的最大化。中国赞赏联合国《发展权利宣言》的表达--发展机会均等是国家和组成国家的个人的一项特有权利,任何国家和组成国家的任何个人,都有参与发展、平等享有发展成果的权利。

The realization of the right to development is a historical course. There is no end either to development or to realizing the right to development. The latter is an ongoing process of improvement. China is still in the primary stage of socialism and will long remain so. The inadequacy in meeting the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people because of backward social production will remain the principal social problem. As a major developing country, China faces challenging problems and heavy tasks in development. In pursuit of more equal participation and development, China needs consistent efforts to fully realize the people's right to development.

 --发展权的实现是一个历史过程。发展永无止境,发展权的实现没有终点。在实现发展权问题上,没有完成时,只有进行时;没有最好,只有更好。中国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段,人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾将长期是社会主要矛盾。作为发展中大国,中国面临的发展问题十分突出,发展任务十分繁重,追求更加平等的参与和更加平等的发展,充分实现全体人民的发展权,需要长期不懈的努力。

The protection of the right to development must be sustainable. Sustainable development is a prerequisite for materializing the right to development, an embodiment of intergenerational equity. Imbalanced, uncoordinated and unequal development reflects unsustainable development, as does an extensive development model. China is pursuing a sustainable approach to production, utilization and consumption of natural resources. China now follows a sustainable and resilient socio-economic development path so as to meet the needs of both present and future generations. China has a development mindset of balance and sustainability, regarding the harmonious development between humanity and nature, between economy and society, as a new means of realizing and protecting the right to development.

 --发展权的保障必须是可持续的。可持续发展是发展权的应有之义,体现着代际公平。发展不平衡、不协调、不平等,发展方式粗放,都是发展不可持续的表现。中国坚持以可持续的方式进行消费、生产,科学管理地球的自然资源,走可持续的、有复原力的经济社会发展道路,满足今世后代的需求。中国遵循平衡性、可持续性的发展思路,将人与自然和谐发展、经济与社会和谐发展视为实现和保障发展权的新样态。

The right to development must be enjoyed and shared by all peoples. Realizing the right to development is the responsibility of all countries and also the obligation of the international community. It requires governments of all countries to formulate development strategies and policies suited to their own realities, and it requires concerted efforts of the international community as a whole. China calls on all countries to pursue equal, open, all-round and innovative common development, promotes inclusive development, and creates conditions for all peoples to share the right to development. Global economic governance must be based on equality. It must better reflect the new world economic pattern, give an enhanced voice and representation to emerging markets and developing countries, ensure that all countries enjoy equality of rights, opportunities and rules in international economic cooperation, and ensure the right to development is shared.

 --发展权应为各国人民共有共享。实现发展权既是各国的责任,也是国际社会的共同义务。发展权的实现既需要各国政府根据各自国情制定符合本国实际的发展战略和发展政策,也需要国际社会的共同努力。中国倡导各国坚持公平、开放、全面、创新的共同发展理念,着力促进包容性发展,为各国人民共享发展权创造条件。全球经济治理应该以平等为基础,更好反映世界经济格局新现实,增强新兴市场和发展中国家代表性和发言权,确保各国在国际经济合作中权利平等、机会平等、规则平等,实现发展权共享、共赢。

 
II. The System Ensuring the People's Right to Development   二、日臻完备的发展权保障制度

China has established an integrated system of legislature, strategy development, planning, and judicial remedy to ensure its people's right to development, and makes continued efforts to improve it. The people's right to development is realized through a framework of institutions, strategies, policies and measures that are constructive, practical, efficient, and compulsory.

 中国建立并完善保障发展权的立法、战略、规划、计划、司法救济一体化制度体系架构,以富有建设性、务实性、高效性和强制性的体制制度、战略构建与政策措施,保障人民发展权的实现。

The Constitution and Laws

 --宪法和法律制度

China has established a legal system with Chinese characteristics. With the Constitution at the core, it is based on laws related to the Constitution, the civil laws, the commercial laws, and other major branches of the laws, and consists of laws, administrative regulations, and local regulations, providing a legal basis for the people's right to development.

 中国建立了以宪法为核心,以宪法相关法、民法商法等多个法律部门的法律为主干,由法律、行政法规和地方性法规等多个层次的法律规范构成的中国特色社会主义法律体系,为实现人民的发展权提供了法律保障。

As the nation's fundamental law, the Constitution establishes and protects the people's right to development in all respects. In the Preamble, equal development is set as the fundamental guiding principle, and the nation's core task is to "promote the coordinated development of the material, political and spiritual civilizations, and to turn China into a socialist country that is prosperous, powerful, democratic and culturally advanced." The Constitution establishes such principles as the people's democracy, equal development, and stipulates that "All power in the People's Republic of China belongs to the people" ; "The people administer state affairs and manage economic and cultural undertakings and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the provisions of law" ; "The state develops a relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance among all of China's nationalities." Article 33 of the Constitution sets the fundamental principle that "The state respects and preserves human rights." In Chapter II, the Constitution stipulates the Chinese citizens' right to economic, political, cultural, and social development.

 宪法以国家根本法的形式全方位确立和保障发展权。宪法序言确立了保障平等发展的根本指导原则,明确国家的根本任务是“推动物质文明、政治文明和精神文明协调发展,把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家”。宪法确立了人民民主、平等发展原则,宣告“中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民”,“人民依照法律规定,通过各种途径和形式,管理国家事务,管理经济和文化事业,管理社会事务”,规定“维护和发展各民族的平等、团结、互助关系”。宪法确立了“国家尊重和保障人权”基本原则,并在关于公民基本权利和义务的条款中明确了公民在经济、政治、文化、社会诸方面全面发展的权利。
China has promulgated and implemented a series of laws and regulations to protect the right to development of all citizens, especially that of the ethnic minorities, women, children, senior citizens, and the disabled. The Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy stipulates that people of all ethnic minority groups shall "speed up the economic and cultural development of the ethnic autonomous areas, work towards their unity and prosperity, and strive for the common prosperity of all ethnic groups and for the transformation of China into a socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy." The Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests stipulates that "Women shall enjoy equal rights with men in all aspects of political, economic, cultural, social and family life. It is a basic state policy to realize equality between men and women. The state shall take necessary measures to gradually improve various systems for the protection of the rights and interests of women and to eliminate all kinds of discrimination against women." The Law on the Protection of Minors stipulates that "Minors shall enjoy the right to life, the right to development, the right to being protected, and the right to participation." The Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly stipulates that "The state shall protect the lawful rights and interests of the elderly. The elderly shall have the right to obtain material assistance from the state and society, the right to enjoy social services and social preferential treatment, and the right to participate in social development and share the achievements in development." The Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons stipulates that "Disabled persons shall enjoy equal rights with other citizens in political, economic, cultural, social, family life and other aspects." 中国制定并实施了一系列专门性的权利保障法律法规,平等保障全体公民,特别是少数民族、妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人等的发展权利。民族区域自治法规定“加速民族自治地方经济、文化的发展,建设团结、繁荣的民族自治地方,为各民族的共同繁荣,把祖国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家而努力奋斗”。妇女权益保障法规定“妇女在政治的、经济的、文化的、社会的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的权利。实行男女平等是国家的基本国策。国家采取必要措施,逐步完善保障妇女权益的各项制度,消除对妇女一切形式的歧视”。未成年人保护法规定“未成年人享有生存权、发展权、受保护权、参与权等权利”。老年人权益保障法规定“国家保障老年人依法享有的权益。老年人有从国家和社会获得物质帮助的权利,有享受社会服务和社会优待的权利,有参与社会发展和共享发展成果的权利”。残疾人保障法规定“残疾人在政治、经济、文化、社会和家庭生活等方面享有同其他公民平等的权利”。

National Development Strategies

 --国家发展战略

The world is a colorful place, with many different development patterns. Summarizing its historical experience and based on its prevailing conditions, China has chosen a socialist path. It strives to build socialism with Chinese characteristics, create a beautiful life for the Chinese people, and realize the people's right to development.

 世界是丰富多彩的,发展模式也是多种多样的。中国总结长期历史经验,坚持从基本国情出发,走中国特色社会主义道路,建设中国特色社会主义,引领中国发展进步,为中国人民创造美好生活,实现人民发展权。
To build socialism with Chinese characteristics, China sets its national development strategies based on the need to protect and realize its people's right to development. In the early 1980s, the CPC proposed the "three-step" development strategy: First, to double the 1981 GNP and ensure the provision of basic material needs by 1990; second, to double the 1991 GNP by the end of the 20th century and bring people's living standards to a level of "reasonable prosperity" ; and third, to quadruple that new GNP to the level of moderately developed countries by the mid-21st century, and bring the Chinese people an affluent life. 按照建设中国特色社会主义的要求,中国的国家发展战略以不断保障和实现人民的发展权为基本价值取向。中国共产党在20世纪80年代初提出了现代化建设“三步走”发展战略目标:第一步,1981年到1990年,国民生产总值翻一番,解决人民的温饱问题;第二步,1991年到20世纪末,国民生产总值再翻一番,人民生活达到小康水平;第三步,到21世纪中叶,国民生产总值再翻两番,人民生活比较富裕,达到中等发达国家水平。

At the 15th CPC National Congress in 1997, the third step was made more specific, and a new "three-step" strategy for the first half of the 21st century was put forward. First, in the first decade of the 21st century, to double GNP compared to the 2000 level, raise levels of prosperity, and form a relatively complete socialist market economy; second, with ten more years' hard work, to further develop the economy and improve various institutions by the centenary of the founding of the CPC; and third, to achieve basic modernization and complete the building of a socialist country that is prosperous, democratic, and culturally advanced by the centenary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in the mid-21st century.

 1997年召开的中国共产党第十五次全国代表大会,将上述“三步走”的第三步战略目标具体化,提出了21世纪上半叶中国新“三步走”发展战略:21世纪第一个十年实现国民生产总值比2000年翻一番,使人民的小康生活更加富裕,形成比较完善的社会主义市场经济体制;再经过十年的努力,到中国共产党成立100年时,使国民经济更加发展,各项制度更加完善;到21世纪中叶中华人民共和国成立100年时,基本实现现代化,建成富强民主文明的社会主义国家。

After entering the 21st century, the CPC set itself the strategic task of building a "moderately prosperous society in all respects." Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the Party's Central Committee, with Xi Jinping as its core, has set the "people's wish for a better life" as its goal of governance, and defined the Two Centenary Goals. That is, to enable the people to live prosperous lives and complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020, the centenary of the CPC (founded in 1921), and to bring China's per capita GDP on par with that of moderately developed countries, and build China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the PRC (founded in 1949) in the mid-21st century.

 进入21世纪后,中国共产党提出了“全面建设小康社会”的战略构想。2012年中共十八大以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央,明确将“人民对美好生活的向往”作为执政目标,进一步提出了实现“两个一百年”的奋斗目标:到2020年在中国共产党成立100年时实现第一个百年奋斗目标,中国人民将在全面解决温饱的基础上,普遍过上比较殷实富足的生活,全面建成小康社会;到21世纪中叶中华人民共和国成立100年时实现第二个百年奋斗目标,中国人均国内生产总值将达到中等发达国家水平,建成富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家。

To achieve the Two Centenary Goals, the CPC strives to promote coordinated progress in economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological areas, and to implement the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy, viz., building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, driving reform to a deeper-level, fully implementing the rule of law, and strengthening Party discipline. Based on economic growth, the Party will continue to build the socialist market economy, promote democracy, advanced culture, ecological progress, and a harmonious society, and ensure that the people are better-off, that the nation grows stronger and more prosperous, and that the environment is clean and beautiful, and that the people's right to development is protected and promoted in a more solid and effective manner.

 为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标,中国共产党统筹推进经济、政治、文化、社会和生态文明建设“五位一体”总体布局,协调推进全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党的“四个全面”战略布局,在推动经济发展的基础上,建设社会主义市场经济、民主政治、先进文化、生态文明、和谐社会,协同推进人民富裕、国家强盛、中国美丽,更加扎实有效地保障和促进发展权的实现。

Overall Development Plans

 --总体发展规划

In accordance with the goal to build a modern socialist country and the associated development strategies, the Chinese government regularly makes national development plans to ensure the people's right to development. In the period between 1953 and 2001, it issued national development plans every five years addressing issues concerning the country's economy, culture, and society. After 2006 the plan has been changed to program which is less detailed, with fewer numerical targets to guide the macro-economy and social development. To date China has made 13 consecutive five-year plans (including the program starting from 2006) for the nation's economic and social development. These plans have connected the country's overall development goals to the concrete plans to implement them, and are divided into different stages to steadily promote the people's right to development, with mid- and long-term guidelines, goals and directions, basic requirements, and specific measures.

 按照建设社会主义现代化国家的要求和发展战略,中国政府制定国家发展规划,保障发展权的实现。从1953年到2001年,每5年制定一个国家发展计划,对国家经济、文化、社会等各方面发展作出安排。自2006年起,改计划为规划,实现了从具体、微观、指标性的发展计划向宏观的国民经济和社会发展规划的转变。到目前为止,中国已经连续制定了十三个国民经济和社会发展计划或规划。“五年规划”是连接国家发展总目标和具体实施计划的纽带,为有计划、分阶段、稳扎稳打地推进发展权的实现,确立了中长期指导思想、目标方向、基本要求和实施举措。

On October 29, 2015, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee approved the "Suggestions of the CPC Central Committee on Developing the 13th Five-Year Program for National Economic and Social Development." On March 16, 2016, the Fourth Session of the 12th National People's Congress approved by vote the "Outline of the 13th Five-Year Development Program of the People's Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development." Following the new philosophies on development and based on universal participation and benefits, China stresses equal opportunities, with an emphasis on ensuring basic living standards, improving the people's wellbeing, and realizing a moderately prosperous society for all the people. China has made breakthroughs in equal access to the fruits of development, mainly in increasing the supply of public services, carrying out poverty eradication programs, enhancing the quality of education, granting equal access to educational resources, promoting employment and entrepreneurship, bridging the income gap, establishing a fairer and more sustainable social security system, enhancing public health and fitness, and strengthening the balanced development of the people.

 2015年10月29日,中共十八届五中全会通过《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议》。2016年3月16日,十二届全国人大四次会议表决通过《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要》。《建议》和《纲要》坚持新发展理念,按照人人参与、人人尽力、人人享有的要求,注重机会公平,保障基本民生,着力增进人民福祉,实现全体人民共同迈入全面小康社会。《建议》和《纲要》在公平分享发展成果上进行重点突破,主要包括增加公共服务供给、实施脱贫攻坚工程、提高教育质量、促进教育公平、促进就业创业、缩小收入差距、建立更加公平更可持续的社会保障制度、推进健康中国建设、促进人口均衡发展。

China ensures its people's right to development also by making national human rights action plans. It has issued the "National Human Rights Action Plan" (2009-2010), (2012-2015), and (2016-2020). In these plans, the government puts the people's right to development at the core of human rights, and strives to address the most immediate problems that are of the most concern to the public. While promoting the sound and rapid development of the economy and society, China ensures that all members of the society enjoy the rights to equal participation and equal development.

 中国还通过国家人权行动计划落实发展权。中国先后制定实施《国家人权行动计划(2009-2010年)》《国家人权行动计划(2012-2015年)》和《国家人权行动计划(2016-2020年)》。国家人权行动计划把保障发展权放在保障人权的首要位置,着力解决好人民最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题,在推动经济社会又好又快发展的基础上,保证全体社会成员平等参与、平等发展的权利。

Special Action Plans

 --专项行动计划

The Chinese government formulates special action plans in the fields of economy, culture, society, and environment to ensure people's right to development. It has implemented a wide array of action plans in areas such as poverty alleviation, the Internet, innovation and entrepreneurship, science and technology, trade, and regional development. Specifically, these plans have been designed to promote entrepreneurship and innovation among farmers, to send agricultural specialists to rural areas to develop agriculture, to develop rural and agricultural resources in support of rural migrant workers who return to their home villages to start businesses, to improve people's lives by developing high-tech industries in selected counties, to transform the growth model of the western areas through science and technology, and to revitalize the old industrial bases in the Northeast through science and technology. The state has effectively implemented a series of action plans regarding educational development, health improvement, awards for high-caliber professionals, and the cultural industry, such as the action plans to revitalize education in the 21st century, to enhance teachers' status in the stage of compulsory education in rural areas, to promote special education, to help girls who have dropped out of school to return to campus, and to support the more developed cities in the eastern areas to train professionals for the western areas. China has implemented a series of action plans regarding employment, social security, food and medical care, disability prevention, and health and fitness, such as the Spring Breeze Action Plan to promote employment, and other plans to realize full coverage of social security, to eliminate malaria, to prevent and control nosocomial infection, to carry out rehabilitation programs for children with impairments and disabilities, to reduce the number of newborns with defects and disabilities, to prevent incidences of disability, and to improve the nutritional status and fitness of the Chinese. The state has issued action plans on pollution prevention and control, energy conservation, and biodiversity, such as action plans to prevent and control water pollution, to reduce high-risk pollutants, to utilize coal in a clean and efficient manner, to upgrade and renovate coal power for energy saving and emissions reduction, to build obstacle-free cities or counties for the disabled, and to protect biodiversity.

 中国政府制定经济、文化、社会和环境等方面的专项行动计划,落实人民发展权。广泛实施了涉及扶贫、互联网、创新创业、科技、贸易、区域发展等行动计划,如推进农民创业创新行动计划、科技特派员农村科技创业行动、开发农业农村资源支持农民工等人员返乡创业行动计划、科技富民强县专项行动计划、科技助推西部地区转型发展行动计划和科技服务东北老工业基地振兴行动计划等。有效实施了教育发展、人口素质提升、人才奖励、文化产业等行动计划,如面向21世纪教育振兴行动计划、农村义务教育阶段学校教师特设岗位计划、特殊教育提升计划、救助贫困地区失学女童重返校园的“春蕾计划”和东部城市对口支持西部地区人才培训计划等。实施了有关就业、社会保障、食品与医疗、残疾预防、全民健身等方面的一系列行动计划,如关于就业的春风行动,关于社会保障的全民参保计划,消除疟疾行动计划,预防与控制医院感染行动计划,伤残儿童康复合作项目行动计划,提高出生人口素质、减少出生缺陷和残疾行动计划,残疾预防行动计划,营养改善行动计划和全民健身计划等。推出了污染防治、节能、生物多样性等方面的行动计划,如水污染防治行动计划、高风险污染物削减行动计划、煤炭清洁高效利用行动计划、煤电节能减排升级与改造行动计划、生物多样性保护战略与行动计划。

China has also made special plans to ensure the right to development of ethnic minorities, women, children, the elderly, and the disabled. The plans include those on the development of ethnic minorities, of women, of children, of the elderly, and of the disabled persons, with clear goals and targeted policies for different groups to solve the problems hindering their development, ensuring that they can pursue self-development and enjoy the fruits of reform on an equal basis.

 中国还通过制定专项规划落实少数民族、妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人等群体的发展权。中国发布了少数民族事业发展规划、中国妇女发展纲要中国儿童发展纲要、老龄事业发展规划和残疾人事业发展纲要等,明确发展目标,采取积极策略措施,针对不同群体发展的重点难点问题,精准发力,使他们能够同步发展,共享改革发展成果。

The Judicial Remedy Mechanism

 --司法救济机制

China is making enhanced efforts to strengthen the judicial protection and remedy to ensure the people's right to development. It has built a judicial remedy mechanism in this regard to prevent and punish infringements of people's right to development.

 中国不断加强发展权的司法保护与司法救济,构建起发展权司法救济机制,防止和惩治对发展权的侵害。
The government is driving the reform of the judicial relief system to a deeper level to ensure the right to development of disadvantaged groups. The state provides judicial relief to victims of crimes or parties suffering from infringements of civil rights who cannot obtain effective compensation through litigation, and provides help to parties in certain types of cases who are in dire need of relief and are entitled to such relief. Eligible parties mainly receive relief money, and help in the forms of consultation and education. Judicial relief complements legal aid and litigation relief, and is linked with other forms of social relief and aid. The government is conducting research on opening first-aid fast track at hospitals for those injured in criminal cases, providing psychotherapy for victims with severe PTSD cases, and sending social workers to help immobilized victims, so as to further enhance judicial relief. In 2014 the state issued the "Opinions on Establishing and Improving the National Judicial Relief System (trial)," which was followed by a marked expansion in the scale and increases in the number of judicial relief cases. In 2014 and 2015, the central government and local governments allocated a total of RMB2.47 billion and RMB2.95 billion for judicial relief funds, benefiting over 80,000 parties concerned in 2014. In 2013-2015 people's courts at all levels reduced or exempted a total of RMB625 million for litigation parties, ensuring the right to litigation of the poor. 深化国家司法救助制度改革,切实保障困难群体的发展权利。对遭受犯罪侵害或民事侵权,无法通过诉讼获得有效赔偿的当事人,国家提供司法救助,重点解决符合条件的特定案件当事人生活面临的急迫困难。国家司法救助以支付救助金为主要方式,同时与思想疏导、宣传教育相结合,与法律援助、诉讼救济相配套,与其他社会救助相衔接。探索建立刑事案件伤员急救“绿色通道”、对遭受严重心理创伤的被害人实施心理治疗、对行动不便的受害人提供社工帮助等多种救助方式,进一步增强救助效果。2014年,国家颁布《关于建立完善国家司法救助制度的意见(试行)》后,司法救助的范围与数量大幅上升。2014年、2015年,中央和地方安排司法救助资金总额分别为24.7亿元、29.49亿元,2014年共有8万余名当事人得到司法救助。各级法院2013年至2015年共为诉讼当事人减免诉讼费6.25亿元,保障生活困难群众依法参与诉讼的权利。

The government strives to strengthen the effectiveness of legal aid, and ensures the right of impoverished people to judicial relief. In 1994, China began to form a legal aid system, providing free consultation, agency, criminal defense, and other legal services to people in need. In 2003, the State Council issued the Regulations on Legal Aid to define the scale of legal aid, delegating the power to the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government to supplement the issues to be covered by legal aid, and set the standards for receiving legal aid in light of the local conditions. Currently there are 23 provinces that have expanded the scope of issues covered by legal aid, and 19 provinces have adjusted the standards for receiving legal aid. The Criminal Procedural Law (revised in 2012) included suspects as recipients of legal aid, alongside defendants. Over the past five years, the number of legal aid cases has been growing by 11.4 percent annually, and women, children, the elderly, the disabled, and rural migrant workers have received timely and higher quality legal aid services. In May 2015, at its 12th meeting, the CPC Central Leading Group for Overall and Further Reforms reviewed and approved the "Opinions on Improving the Legal Aid System," with measures to further enlarge the coverage of legal aid for civil and administrative lawsuits, reduce the thresholds for receiving legal aid, and gradually make legal aid available to low-income groups to benefit people in need.

 强化法律援助实效,确保贫困人口享有获得司法救济的权利。1994年,中国开始探索法律援助制度,为困难群众无偿提供咨询、代理、刑事辩护等法律服务。2003年,国务院公布施行法律援助条例,明确了法律援助事项范围,省、自治区、直辖市人民政府可以补充规定法律援助事项,并根据本行政区域经济发展状况和法律援助事业的需要规定公民经济困难的标准。目前,全国已有23个省份扩大补充事项范围,19个省份调整了经济困难标准。2012年修订后的刑事诉讼法将法律援助的范围从被告人扩大到犯罪嫌疑人、被告人。近五年法律援助案件平均年增长11.4%,妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人、进城务工人员等群体获得了优质便捷的法律援助服务。2015年5月,中央全面深化改革领导小组第十二次会议审议通过《关于完善法律援助制度的意见》,进一步扩大民事、行政法律援助覆盖面,降低法律援助门槛,使法律援助覆盖人群逐步拓展至低收入群体,惠及更多困难群众。

The government strengthens judicial remedy to protect the right to development of disadvantaged groups. China has always attached importance to the judicial protection of the right to development and other basic human rights in criminal cases. The state punishes crimes targeted at women, children, the elderly, the disabled, and rural migrant workers, and strengthens the protection of special groups' rights to healthy physical and psychological development and their economic and social rights. The government strives to prevent or severely punish the abduction and trafficking of women and children, and such crimes have been effectively curbed. The state has issued the "Opinions on Punishing Sex Crimes Against Minors" and the "Opinions on Handling the Infringements of Minors' Rights and Interests by Guardians," so as to enhance the judicial protection of minors' rights and interests. The state has promulgated the "Opinions on Safeguarding the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Disabled Persons in Procuratorial Work," mandating severe punishment for crimes that infringe upon the rights and interests of disabled people in accordance with the law.
......

 加大司法救济力度,保护弱势群体发展权。中国一直注重发展权等基本人权的刑事司法保护,以法律构筑保护发展权的牢固防线。国家依法制裁对妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人、进城务工人员等的犯罪,强化保障特定群体身心健康发展的权利以及经济社会权利。国家坚持不懈预防、打击拐卖妇女儿童犯罪,拐卖妇女儿童犯罪得到有效遏制。国家颁布《关于依法惩治性侵害未成年人犯罪的意见》和《关于依法处理监护人侵害未成年人权益行为若干问题的意见》,不断加大对未成年人权益司法保护力度。国家出台《关于在检察工作中切实维护残疾人合法权益的意见》,依法从重打击侵害残疾人权益的犯罪活动,保障残疾人合法权益。
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