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| Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Improving the Property Rights Protection System and Lawfully Protecting Property Rights[(end)] | | 中发[2016]28号中共中央、国务院关于完善产权保护制度依法保护产权的意见 |
| (November 4, 2016 No.28 [2016] of CPC Central Committee) | | （2016年11月4日 中发[2016]28号） |
| The property rights system is the foundation of the socialist market economy and protecting property rights is the inevitable requirement of adherence to the basic socialist economic system. Whoever has permanent property is firmly confident. The effective guarantee and realization of the property rights of economic entities are the foundation of the sustainable and sound development of economy and society. Since the reform and opening up, by vigorously advancing the reform of the property rights system, China has basically established a modern property rights system featuring clear ownership, defined rights and duties, strict protection and smooth circulation, and a legal framework of property rights protection, whole society‘s awareness of property rights protection has been constantly raised, and protection is increasingly intensified. Nevertheless, it shall be seen that there are still some weak parts and problems in China's protection of property rights: As the relation between owners and agents of state-owned property rights is inadequately clear, there are problems causing loss of state-owned assets such as control by insiders and related transactions; there frequently occur phenomena such as using public power to violate private property rights, and illegal seizure, arrest and freezing of property of private enterprises; and the intellectual property rights are ineffectively protected and vulnerable to frequent and many infringements. In order to solve those problems, the improvement of the property rights protection system must be accelerated to lawfully and effectively protect the property rights of economic organizations of all ownerships and citizens, raise the people's sense of property and wealth security, boost social confidence, develop positive expectations, improve impetus for the entrepreneurship and innovation by various economic entities, protect social fairness and justice, and maintain sustainable and sound development of economy and society and the permanent peace and safety of the country. The following opinions on improving the property rights protection system and protecting property rights in accordance with the law are hereby offered. | | 产权制度是社会主义市场经济的基石，保护产权是坚持社会主义基本经济制度的必然要求。有恒产者有恒心，经济主体财产权的有效保障和实现是经济社会持续健康发展的基础。改革开放以来，通过大力推进产权制度改革，我国基本形成了归属清晰、权责明确、保护严格、流转顺畅的现代产权制度和产权保护法律框架，全社会产权保护意识不断增强，保护力度不断加大。同时也要看到，我国产权保护仍然存在一些薄弱环节和问题：国有产权由于所有者和代理人关系不够清晰，存在内部人控制、关联交易等导致国有资产流失的问题；利用公权力侵害私有产权、违法查封扣押冻结民营企业财产等现象时有发生；知识产权保护不力，侵权易发多发。解决这些问题，必须加快完善产权保护制度，依法有效保护各种所有制经济组织和公民财产权，增强人民群众财产财富安全感，增强社会信心，形成良好预期，增强各类经济主体创业创新动力，维护社会公平正义，保持经济社会持续健康发展和国家长治久安。现就完善产权保护制度、依法保护产权提出以下意见。 |
| I. General requirements | | 一、总体要求 |
| For the protection of property rights, the fundamental policy is to comprehensively advance the rule of law. We shall comprehensively implement the spirit of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth Plenary Sessions of the 18th CPC Central Committee, study and carry out in depth the spirit of a series of important speeches delivered by the General Secretary Xi Jinping, follow the decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, closely center ourselves on the overall arrangements for and advancement of the overall layout for "economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress" and the concerted advancement of the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, firmly develop and implement new development concepts, advance in priority the supply-side structural reform, further improve the modern property rights system, advance the legislation of protection of property rights, and embody the concept of rule of law in all aspects and parts such as legislation, law enforcement, justice and law observation with regard to protection of property rights. The following principles shall be adhered to: | | 加强产权保护，根本之策是全面推进依法治国。要全面贯彻党的十八大和十八届三中、四中、五中、六中全会精神，深入学习贯彻习近平总书记系列重要讲话精神，按照党中央、国务院决策部署，紧紧围绕统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局和协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，牢固树立和贯彻落实新发展理念，着力推进供给侧结构性改革，进一步完善现代产权制度，推进产权保护法治化，在事关产权保护的立法、执法、司法、守法等各方面各环节体现法治理念。要坚持以下原则： |
| -- Adhering to equal protection. The property rights protection system with fairness as the core principle shall be improved, public economy shall be unswervingly solidified and developed, the development of non-public economy shall be encouraged, supported and guided unswervingly, and the property rights of public economy shall not be infringed, neither shall those of non-public economy. | | --坚持平等保护。健全以公平为核心原则的产权保护制度，毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，公有制经济财产权不可侵犯，非公有制经济财产权同样不可侵犯。 |
| -- Adhering to comprehensive protection. The protection of property rights not only includes the protection of real rights, debts and equities, but also the protection of intellectual property rights and other various intangible property rights. | | --坚持全面保护。保护产权不仅包括保护物权、债权、股权，也包括保护知识产权及其他各种无形财产权。 |
| -- Adhering to lawful protection. The socialist market economy legal system shall be constantly improved and the implementation of the law shall be enhanced so as to ensure that there are laws to observe and the law must be observed. | | --坚持依法保护。不断完善社会主义市场经济法律制度，强化法律实施，确保有法可依、有法必依。 |
| -- Adhering to joint participation. Government credibility and public participation shall be combined, a lawful, responsible and honest government shall be developed, citizens‘ concept of property rights protection and awareness of contract shall be improved or raised, and social supervision shall be enhanced. | | --坚持共同参与。做到政府诚信和公众参与相结合，建设法治政府、责任政府、诚信政府，增强公民产权保护观念和契约意识，强化社会监督。 |
| -- Adhering to seeking both temporary and permanent solutions With eyes on the future and focus on the present, the outstanding problems existing in the aspect of property rights protection shall be solved without delay, the precision of property rights protection shall be improved, the establishment of a permanent property rights protection mechanism shall be accelerated, and the vigor and creativity of various economic entities shall be sparked. | | --坚持标本兼治。着眼长远，着力当下，抓紧解决产权保护方面存在的突出问题，提高产权保护精准度，加快建立产权保护长效机制，激发各类经济主体的活力和创造力。 |
| II. Strengthening the protection of property rights of economies of various ownerships | | 二、加强各种所有制经济产权保护 |
| The reform of state-owned enterprises and the state-owned asset oversight and management system shall be deepened, the relations between owners and agents of state-owned property rights shall be further defined, the realization of equity diversity of state-owned enterprises and modernization of corporate governance shall be promoted, internal supervision system and internal control mechanism involving the aspects of finance, purchase, marketing, improvement, etc. shall be improved, the regulated operations of the board of directors and supervision over the management shall be enhanced, the mode of the trading in state-owned assets shall be improved, and the procedures for the registration, transfer, liquidation, exit, etc. and transactions of state-owned assets shall be strictly regulated, so as to ensure and promote the protection of state-owned property rights by systems, prevent insiders from arbitrarily dominating state-owned assets, and effectively avert the loss of state-owned assets. A property rights system of natural resource assets featuring clear ownership, defined rights and duties, and effective oversight shall be established and improved, and a system of paid use of natural resources shall be improved, to gradually realize that various market participants equally use land and other natural resources according to the market rules and at market prices. The rural collective property rights determination and protection system shall be improved, a collective assets and capital verification, registration, custody, use and disposition system and a financial management supervision system shall be established and improved by category, the circulation and transaction of rural property rights shall be regulated, and it shall be effectively prevented that few people inside collective economic organizations encroach on or illegally dispose collective assets and that outside assets embezzle or illegally control collective assets. Equality of rights, opportunities and rules shall be adhered to, various unreasonable rules for non-public economy shall be scrapped, all invisible barriers shall be eliminated, and it shall be ensured that economies of various ownerships equally use factors of production in accordance with the law, openly, fairly and impartially participate in market competition, are indiscriminatingly protected by the law and jointly fulfill social responsibility. | | 深化国有企业和国有资产监督管理体制改革，进一步明晰国有产权所有者和代理人关系，推动实现国有企业股权多元化和公司治理现代化，健全涉及财务、采购、营销、投资等方面的内部监督制度和内控机制，强化董事会规范运作和对经理层的监督，完善国有资产交易方式，严格规范国有资产登记、转让、清算、退出等程序和交易行为，以制度化保障促进国有产权保护，防止内部人任意支配国有资产，切实防止国有资产流失。建立健全归属清晰、权责明确、监管有效的自然资源资产产权制度，完善自然资源有偿使用制度，逐步实现各类市场主体按照市场规则和市场价格依法平等使用土地等自然资源。完善农村集体产权确权和保护制度，分类建立健全集体资产清产核资、登记、保管、使用、处置制度和财务管理监督制度，规范农村产权流转交易，切实防止集体经济组织内部少数人侵占、非法处置集体资产，防止外部资本侵吞、非法控制集体资产。坚持权利平等、机会平等、规则平等，废除对非公有制经济各种形式的不合理规定，消除各种隐性壁垒，保证各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公开公平公正参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护、共同履行社会责任。 |
III. Improving the legal system indiscriminatingly protecting property rights
．．．．．． | | 三、完善平等保护产权的法律制度
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